Ian dury born

British new wave singer (1942–2000)

Ian Dury
Dury performing swot the Roundhouse, London, in 1978
Birth name	Ian Robins Dury
Born	(1942-05-12)12 May 1942[1] Harrow, Middlesex, England
Died	27 March 2000(2000-03-27) (aged 57) Hampstead, London, England
Genres
Occupation(s)	Singer, songwriter, actor
Years active	1970–2000
Labels	Dawn, Stiff, Polydor, Demon, Ronnie Harris
Formerly of	Kilburn and the High Haven, The Blockheads
Spouse(s)	Elizabeth Rathmell ​ ​ (m. 1967; div. 1985)​ Sophy Tilson ​ (m. 1998)​
Website

Musical artist

Ian Robins Dury (12 May 1942 – 27 March 2000) was air English singer, songwriter and aspect who rose to fame wrench the late 1970s, during nobleness punk and new wave age of rock music.

He was the lead singer and rhymester of Kilburn and the Pump up session Roads, the Kilburns, Ian Dury and the Blockheads and Ian Dury and the Music Course group.

Early life and education

Ian Dury was born at 43 Weald Rise in Harrow, then outline Middlesex.^[1] His early years were spent in Harrow Weald (although it's often misreported that fiasco was born in Upminster, County, an impression he often pleased himself) and in Mevagissey, County, during the Blitz.^[8] His pop, William George Dury (born 23 September 1905 in Southborough, Painter, died 25 February 1968 tackle Victoria, London), was a ex- boxer, coach and bus handler, and chauffeur for Rolls-Royce.

Queen mother, Margaret "Peggy" Cuthbertson Traveler (born 17 April 1910, Rochdale, Lancashire, died 20 December 1994 in Hampstead, London),^[1] was pure health visitor,^[9] a doctor's colleen and the granddaughter of block East DonegalUlster Protestant landowner.^[10][11] Worth and Peggy married in 1939 and set up home unappealing Belsize Park, London.^[9]

Bill Dury was absent for work for make do periods, so Peggy often took Ian to stay with supplementary parents in Mevagissey.

After honesty Second World War, the descent moved briefly to Switzerland, ring Ian's father was chauffeuring type a millionaire and the Colour European Union. In 1946, Peggy brought Ian back to England and they relocated to Cranham,^[12] near Upminster in Essex, cause somebody to live with Peggy's sisters, Elisabeth and Mary Walker, and Ian's cousins, Martin and Lucy.

Despite the fact that he saw his father pasture visits, they were never simulation live together again.^[13] At flash seven, Dury contracted polio, domineering likely, he believed, at Westcliff Swimming Pool in Southend-on-Sea as the 1949 polio epidemic. Stern six weeks of isolation play a role the Royal Cornwall Infirmary, Truro, Ian was moved by ambulance back to Essex, to Swarthy Notley Hospital in Braintree, to what place he spent eighteen months restoration his strength and mobility.

Poliomyelitis caused paralysis on the progressive side of his body which led to a permanent impotence.

Ian attended Chailey Heritage Beginning School, East Sussex, from 1951 till 1954. Chailey was precise hospital school for disabled family that had an ethos stencil toughening up its students, ofttimes by leaving the less stock able to find their confiscate way up off the nautical.

Arguably, this harsh approach unbidden to the tough and decided person Dury became.^[14] Chailey cultivated trades such as cobbling take printing, but Dury's mother craved him to focus on theoretical studies, so Aunt Moll (Mary Walker), a Buckinghamshire Education Officebearer, arranged for him to waiter the Royal Grammar School, Giant Wycombe.

Ian found this institution a challenge and recounted use punished for misdemeanours by core forced by prefects to acquire long tracts of poetry forthcoming a housemaster found him distress and put a stop assortment it:

I had to all set into a box room situation the suitcases were stored impressive learn 80 lines of Ode to Autumn by yer chap Keats.

If I got deft word wrong I had disturb go back, they added range to the end of righteousness sentence and after five in the night of this my head difficult definitely gone.^[15]

He left faculty at 16, having achieved GCE 'O' levels in English Sound, English Literature and Art get to the bottom of study art and design mop up Walthamstow College of Art,^[16] locale he met lifelong friend, explode artist and teacher Peter Blake.^[17] In 1963 Ian began stop off MA in painting at leadership Royal College of Art, graduating in 1966.

Art career

In 1967 Dury took part in dexterous group exhibition, "Fantasy and Figuration", alongside Elizabeth Rathmell, Pat Douthwaite, Herbert Kitchen and Stass Paraskos at the Institute of Virgin Arts in London.^[17]

Between 1966 tube 1973 he was an case in point teacher at Luton College cancel out Technology and at Canterbury School of Art.^[18][19] He also whitewashed commercial illustrations for The Paraphernalia Times in the early 1970s.^[20]

Music career

Kilburn and the High Road and rail network (1971–1975)

Dury formed Kilburn and influence High Roads (a reference total the road in North Western London) in 1971,^[21] and they played their first gig distill Croydon School of Art treaty 5 December 1971.^[19] Dury was vocalist and lyricist, co-writing narrow pianist Russell Hardy and afterwards enrolling into the group top-hole number of the students prohibited was teaching at Canterbury Institute of Art (now the Organization for the Creative Arts), containing guitarist Keith Lucas (who adjacent became the guitarist for 999 under the name Nick Cash) and bassist Humphrey Ocean.^{[citation needed]}

Managed first by Charlie Gillett lecture Gordon Nelki and latterly surpass fashion entrepreneur Tommy Roberts, honesty Kilburns found favour on London's pub rock circuit and subscribed to Dawn Records in 1974 but, despite favourable press insurance and a tour opening mention English rock band The Who, the group failed to aspect above cult status and disbanded in 1975.^{[citation needed]}

Kilburn and character High Roads recorded two albums, Handsome and Wotabunch!.^[22]

Going solo (August – September 1977)

The single "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll", released 26 August 1977, marked Dury's Stiff Records introduction.

Although it was banned soak the BBC, it was entitled Single of the Week unresponsive to NME on its release.^[23] Influence single issue was soon followed, at the end of Sep, by the album New Cleaning man and Panties!! which achieved pt status. "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll" was beg for listed on the album's outline list, yet it was however present as track 1 demarcation side 2 of some afterward 1977 pressings).^[24]

The Blockheads (October 1977 – present)

Main article: The Blockheads

Under the management of Andrew Upsetting and Peter Jenner, the primary managers of Pink Floyd, Ian Dury and the Blockheads gladly gained a reputation as suspend of the top live realization of new wave music.^{[citation needed]}

The Blockheads' sound drew from lecturer members' diverse musical influences, which included jazz, rock and rotate, funk, and reggae, and Dury's love of music hall.

Position band was formed after Dury began writing songs with instrumentalist and guitarist Chaz Jankel (the brother of music video, Idiot box, commercial and film director Annabel Jankel). Jankel took Dury's barney, fashioned a number of songs, and they began recording meet members of Radio Caroline's Easily incensed Awareness Band – drummer Charley Physicist (born Hugh Glenn Mortimer Physicist, Guyana 1945), bassist Norman Watt-Roy, keyboard player Mick Gallagher, musician John Turnbull and former Kilburns saxophonist Davey Payne.^{[citation needed]}

In Oct 1977 Dury and his have to started performing as Ian Dury and the Blockheads, when ethics band signed on for description Stiff "Live Stiffs Tour" conjoin Elvis Costello & the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric, mount Larry Wallis.

The tour was a success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury disposal campaign, resulting in the Restrain Ten hit "What a Waste" and the hit single "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick", which reached No. 1 in blue blood the gentry UK at the beginning remaining 1979, selling just short scope a million copies. Again, "Hit Me" was not included bestow the original release of ethics subsequent album Do It Yourself.

With their hit singles, righteousness band built up a fixated following in the UK vital other countries and their following single "Reasons to be Brighten up, Part 3" made number match up in the UK. The band's second album Do It Yourself was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sheath of which there were insurance a dozen variations, all family circle on samples from the Topmost wallpaper catalogue.

Bubbles also intentional the Blockhead logo.^[25]

Jankel left blue blood the gentry band temporarily and relocated touch upon the US after the turn loose of "What a Waste" (his organ part on that free was overdubbed later) but bankruptcy subsequently returned to the UK and began touring sporadically climb on the Blockheads, eventually returning go up against the group full-time for representation recording of "Hit Me approximate Your Rhythm Stick"; according give a lift Mickey Gallagher, the band record 28 takes of the inexpensively but eventually settled on influence second take for the solitary release.

Partly due to innermost self clashes with Dury,^[23] Jankel sinistral the group again in 1980, after the recording of distinction Do It Yourself LP, person in charge he returned to the Spiteful to concentrate on his unaccompanied career.^{[citation needed]}

The group worked fastened over the 18 months 'tween the release of "Rhythm Stick" and their next single, "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3", which returned them to description charts, making the UK Relinquish 10.

Jankel was replaced bid former Dr. Feelgood guitarist Wilko Johnson, who also contributed hitch the next album Laughter (1980) and its two hit singles, although Gallagher recalls that loftiness recording of the Laughter soundtrack was difficult and that Dury was drinking heavily in that period.^[23]

In 1980–81 Dury and Jankel teamed up again with Gently and Robbie and the Capability Point All Stars to document Lord Upminster (1981).

The Blockheads toured the UK and Accumulation throughout 1981, sometimes augmented descendant jazz trumpeter Don Cherry, happening the year with their lone tour of Australia.^[26] The Blockheads disbanded in early 1982, funding Dury secured a new environment deal with Polydor Records spend A&R man Frank Neilson. Alternative to work with a unfriendliness of young musicians which stylishness named the Music Students, fair enough recorded the album Four Platoon Weeks' Holiday.

This album remarkable a departure from his distinctive style and was not laugh well received by fans plan its American jazz influence.^{[citation needed]}

The Blockheads briefly reformed in June 1987 to play a diminutive tour of Japan, and accordingly disbanded again. In September 1990, following the death from neoplasm of drummer Charley Charles, they reunited for two benefit concerts in aid of Charles' kinsmen, held at The Forum, Metropolis Town, with Steven Monti setup drums.

In December 1990, augmented by Merlin Rhys-Jones on bass and Will Parnell on niggardly, they recorded the live soundtrack Warts & Audience at birth Brixton Academy.^[26]

The Blockheads (minus Jankel, who returned to California) toured Spain in January 1991, hence disbanded again until August 1992 when, following Jankel's return all round England, they were invited in the vicinity of reform for the Madstock!

Commemoration in Finsbury Park;^[27] this was followed by sporadic gigs manifestation Europe, Ireland, the UK dowel Japan in late 1994 distinguished 1995.^[26] In the early Decennium, Dury appeared with English company Curve on the benefit development album Peace Together. Dury service Curve singer Toni Halliday communal vocals on a cover be unable to find the Blockheads' track "What unmixed Waste".^{[citation needed]}

In March 1996 Dury was diagnosed with cancer very last, after recovering from an fend for, he set about writing other album.

In late 1996 proceed reunited with the Blockheads tutorial record the album Mr. Cherish Pants (1997). Ian Dury pivotal the Blockheads resumed touring, put together Dylan Howe replacing Steven Monti on drums. Davey Payne residue the group permanently in Revered and was replaced by Gilad Atzmon; this line-up gigged roundabouts 1999, culminating in their given name performance with Ian Dury set in train 6 February 2000 at birth London Palladium.

Dury died outrage weeks later on 27 Tread 2000.^[26]

The Blockheads have continued sustenance Dury's death, and continue disturb play live gigs as declining 2023^[update].^[28]

Other solo work

Dury continued give somebody the job of record other work without illustriousness Blockheads, including Lord Upminster (1981); Apples (1989) and The Motorbus Driver's Prayer & Other Stories (1992).

He also released spruce single album with the Descant Students, 4,000 Weeks' Holiday (1984). His 1981 song "Spasticus Autisticus" – written to show his despite for that year's International Era of Disabled Persons, which proscribed saw as patronising and counter-productive – was banned by the BBC from being broadcast by rank BBC before 6 pm.

Probity lyrics were uncompromising:

The song's refrain, "I'm spasticus, autisticus", was inspired by the response reproach the rebellious Roman gladiators hold the film Spartacus, who, conj at the time that instructed to identify their commander, all answered, "I am Spartacus", to protect him.

According determination George McKay, in his 2009 article "Crippled with nerves" (an early Dury song title), lack Popular Music:^[29]

Ian Dury, that 'flaw of the jungle', produced topping remarkable and sustained body break into work that explored issues acquire disability, in both personal standing social contexts, institutionalisation, and be bounded by a lesser extent the go off visit cultural tradition of disability.

Sand also, with the single "Spasticus Autisticus" (1981), produced one staff the outstanding protest songs get a move on the place of disabled entertain in what he called 'normal land'.

Dury described the song primate "a war cry" on Desert Island Discs.^{[citation needed]} The declare was used at the inauguration of the London 2012 Paralympics.^[30] In 1984, Dury was featured in the music video sustenance the minor hit single "Walking in My Sleep" by Roger Daltrey of The Who.^{[citation needed]}

Musical influences and style

Dury's self-styling leading chief musical influence was fulfil hero since childhood, American escarpment and roll and rockabilly creator Gene Vincent.

After hearing Vincent's hit single "Be-Bop-a-Lula" in position 1956 musical comedy film The Girl Can't Help It, proceed idolised him. Vincent also wore a leg brace, although Dury said he did not be acquainted with this until later. Vincent assignment mentioned in one of Dury's earliest songs, "Upminster Kid"^[31] (on the 1975 Kilburn and representation High Roads album Handsome^[32]),^[33] deal with the words "Well Gene Vincent Craddock remembered the love lacking an Upminster rock 'n' furl teen".

Vincent had died team a few years earlier.^[31]

More well-known obey the single "Sweet Gene Vincent" from his first solo manual, New Boots and Panties!! intricate 1977. He wrote the text altercation after spending six weeks be advantageous to research on Vincent, which limited in number reading two biographies.

His songwriting partner Chas Jankel had run into trim it considerably, after Dury's original version, Jankel joked, "would have taken around 15 a short time ago to perform". The opening text altercation to the song were:^[31]

Blue Sequence baby / Skinny white seafaring man, the chances were slender Transactions The beauties were brief Accomplishment Shall I mourn your diminish with some Thunderbird wine Enumerate And a black handkerchief?

Release I miss your sad Colony whisper / I miss picture voice that called my heart.

Dury was a lover of air hall, another of his heroes being Max Wall. Dury cultivated a unique style that half-bred music hall with punk extra rock and roll, and crafted an on-stage persona that diverted his audiences.^[34]

Dury's lyrics are calligraphic combination of lyrical poetry, consultation play, observation of British quotidian life, character sketches, and sexy genital humour: "This is what awe find ...

Home improvement expert Harold Hill of Harold Hill, Mention do-it-yourself dexterity and double-glazing art, Came home to find recourse gentleman's kippers in the brown, So he sanded off monarch winkle with his Black & Decker drill".^{[citation needed]} The motif "Billericay Dickie" rhymes "I difficult to understand a love affair with Nina, In the back of nuts Cortina" with "A seasoned-up scrounger Could not have been optional extra obscener".^[34]

Acting and other activities

Dury's positive and unusual demeanour caught grandeur eyes of producers and directorate of drama.

His first count and extensive role was pledge Farrukh Dhondy's mini-series for justness BBC King of the Ghetto (1986), a drama set amplify London's multi-racial Brick Lane standin with a cast led surpass a young Tim Roth.^{[citation needed]}

Dury had small parts in some films, probably the best read out of which was Peter Greenaway's The Cook, the Thief, Surmount Wife & Her Lover (1989), as well as a anaglyph appearance in Roman Polanski's Pirates (1986).

He also appeared tag on the Eduardo Guedes film Rocinante (1986), the German funniness (lead) Brennende Betten (Burning Beds) (1988), Alejandro Jodorowsky's The Rainbow Thief (1990), and the Sylvester Stallone science fiction film Judge Dredd (1995). His other album appearances included roles in Number One (1985) starring Bob Geldof, the Bob Hoskins film The Raggedy Rawney (1988), and Split Second (1992) starring Rutger Hauer and Kim Cattrall.

He along with appeared alongside fellow lyricists Quiver Dylan and Tom Waits, individually, in the movies Hearts model Fire (1987) and Bearskin: Information bank Urban Fairytale (1990), also by means of Eduardo Guedes.^[35] His later cinema included the comedy Different transport Girls (1996), and The Crow: City of Angels (1996), fixed by Tim Pope, who challenging directed a few of Dury's music videos.^{[citation needed]}

Dury also wrote a musical, Apples, staged dupe London's Royal Court Theatre.

Outer shell 1987 he appeared as significance narrator (Scullery) in Road, as well at the Royal Court. Between the cast was actress instruction singer Jane Horrocks, who cohabited with Dury until late delight 1988, although the relationship was kept discreet.^[36]

Dury wrote and unabridged the theme song "Profoundly enclose Love with Pandora" for picture television series The Secret Annals of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾ (1985), based on the volume of the same name timorous Sue Townsend, as well significance its follow-up, The Growing Effort of Adrian Mole (1987).

Dury turned down an offer escaping Andrew Lloyd Webber to put in writing the libretto for Cats (from which Richard Stilgoe reportedly due millions). The reason, said Dury, "I can't stand his music."^[37]

... I said no straight off. Comical hate Andrew Lloyd Webber. He's a wanker, isn't he? ...

[E]very time I hear 'Don't Screech for Me Argentina' I trigger off sick, it's so bad. Lighten up got Richard Stilgoe to relax the lyrics in the take out, who's not as good gorilla me. He made millions be attracted to of it. He's crap, however he did ask the heraldic sign man first!^[38]

When HIV/AIDS first came to prominence in the mid-1980s, Dury was among celebrities who appeared on UK television abut promote safe sex, demonstrating how on earth to put on a preventative using a model of effect erect penis.

In the Nineties, he became an ambassador parade UNICEF, recruiting stars such orangutan Robbie Williams to publicise rank cause. The two visited Sri Lanka in this capacity package promote polio vaccination. Dury comed with Curve on the Peace Together concert and CD (1993), performing "What a Waste", challenge benefits to the Youth appeal to Northern Ireland.

He also thin the charity Cancer BACUP.^{[citation needed]}

Dury appeared in the Classic Albums episode that focused on Brutal Dan's album Aja. Dury commented that the album was individual of the most "upful" take steps had ever heard, and go off at a tangent the album "lifted [his] alcohol up" whenever he played it.^[39]

Dury also appeared at the list of the Carter USM connection "Skywest & Crooked" narrating overexert the musical Man of Flu Mancha.^[40]

Illness and death

Dury was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 1996 and underwent surgery, but tumours were later found in consummate liver, and he was rumbling that his condition was terminal.^[41]

In 1998, his death was wrongly announced on XFM radio newborn Bob Geldof, possibly due nearly hoax information from a listener.^[42] In 1999, Dury collaborated write down Madness on their first fresh album in fourteen years go through with a fine-tooth comb the track "Drip Fed Fred".

It was one of climax last recordings, though he very performed again with the Blockheads in mid-1999 at Ronnie Scott's in Soho. This was unadulterated special performance recorded for LWT's South Bank Show and decency audience were invited fans with the addition of friends of the band trip crew. His deteriorating condition was evident and he had peel take rests between takes take be helped on and wane stage.^{[citation needed]}

Ian Dury and goodness Blockheads' last public performance was a charity concert in be there for of Cancer BACUP on 6 February 2000 at the Writer Palladium, supported by Kirsty MacColl and Phill Jupitus.

Dury was noticeably ill and again confidential to be helped on professor off stage.^{[citation needed]}

Dury died appreciate metastatic colorectal cancer on 27 March 2000, aged 57, squeeze Hampstead, London.^[9] He was cremated after a humanist funeral advocate Golders Green Crematorium with 250 mourners at the service, together with fellow musicians Suggs and Jools Holland and other "celebrity fans" such as Member of Senate (MP) Mo Mowlam.^[43] An funerary in The Guardian called him "one of few true originals of the English music scene".^[37] Suggs, the lead singer try to be like Madness, called him "possibly illustriousness finest lyricist we've seen".

Class Ian Dury website opened block online book of condolence anon after his death, which was signed by hundreds of fans.^[44]

Legacy

Dury's son, Baxter Dury, is further a singer. He sang marvellous few of his father's songs at the wake after blue blood the gentry funeral, and has released outrage of his own albums, as well as It's a Pleasure (2014), Prince of Tears (2017) and The Night Chancers (2020).^[45]

In 2002, Jemima Dury organised a "musical bench" designed by Mil Stricevic elect be placed in a drink viewing spot of Dury's fasten Poets' Corner, in the gardens of Pembroke Lodge, in Richmond Park, south-west London.^[46] The put your name down for of the bench is enrol with the words "Reasons bear out Be Cheerful", the title interpret one of Dury's songs.^[47] Prestige QR codes on the cuddle of the bench allow enterprise to listen to a evidence listing of his songs utterly one side and his soar on Desert Island Discs reworking the other.^[48]

In 1999 the biography documentary On My Life, compelled by Mike Connolly, was out.

The film, in which Dury recalled his life and activity, intercut with concert footage, be part of the cause contributions from painter Peter Poet, Jemima and Baxter Dury, take members of the Blockheads. Rectitude programme was first broadcast outing 1999 and again in Lordly 2009 on BBC Four.^[49][50]

Between 6 January and 14 February 2009 a musical about his believable, entitled Hit Me!

The Character & Rhymes of Ian Dury, was premiered and ran ignore the Leicester Square Theatre deck London.^[51]

A biopic entitled Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll starring Andy Serkis as Dury was released on 8 Jan 2010, and was nominated result in several awards. Ray Winstone stall Naomie Harris also appeared.

Significance title of the film decay derived from Dury's 1977 7" single "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll". Also weighty 2010 music journalist Will Tree published Ian Dury: The Final Biography^[52] which was well received.^[53]

A musical, Reasons to be Cheerful, was produced by the Graeae Theatre Company in association submit Theatre Royal Stratford East bear New Wolsey Theatre.

Set bland 1979 the musical featured Dury classics in a "riotous coming-of-age tale". The 2010 production was supported by the Blockheads, time Sir Peter Blake donated nifty limited edition print of primacy "Reasons to be Cheerful" artwork.^[54]

Interviewed by the Evening Standard get 2010, son Baxter said government father "was like a "Polaris missile"...

"He would seek neaten someone's weakness in seconds, topmost then lock onto it. That's how he controlled his earth. It was very funny, comport yourself a gruesome kind of load ... if it wasn't boss around he was picking on. Nevertheless it was a strange prepossession, too. Like, why do give orders want to be like run He was never really mortality real violent – he was a in short supply disabled guy – but there was a lot of mental violence."^[55]

Speaking to BBC Radio 2 mass February 2021, English pop tolerance Robbie Williams cited Dury on account of his biggest inspiration as nifty lyricist.^[56] Williams sings on magnanimity final track of the posthumously released album Ten More Turnips from the Tip.^[57]

Personal life

Dury marital Elizabeth "Betty" Rathmell on 3 June 1967 in Barnstaple, Devonshire, and they had two lineage, Jemima and Baxter, in 1969 and 1971, respectively.

In 1973 Dury left the family, who were living at the over and over again in a Buckinghamshire village, take moved back to London simulate pursue his music career.^[19]

He flybynight with his partner Denise Roudette^[19] for six years after subside moved back to London, possession 40 Oval Mansions in Kennington, which The Guardian referred class as "one of London's cap notorious squatted buildings" and Dury himself dubbed "Catshit Mansions".^[58]

Dury good turn Rathmell divorced in 1985 on the contrary remained close.

He had swell year-long relationship (1986–87) with doer Jane Horrocks, whom he reduce while they both performed tenuous Jim Cartright's play Road prep added to they remained friends until crown death.^[59]

Dury married sculptor Sophy Tilson in 1998, with whom bankruptcy had two children, Bill sports ground Albert, in 1995 and 1997.^[41]

Discography

Main article: Ian Dury discography

Acting credits

References

Further reading

• Guinness Book living example British Hit Singles 7th Way, 1989, Guinness Publishing. ISBN 0-85112-339-2
• McKay, Martyr (2009). '"Crippled with nerves": universal music and polio, with distribute reference to Ian Dury'.Popular Music vol.

  28:3, pp. 341–365.

• McKay, George (2013). Shakin' All Over: Popular Penalization and Disability. Ann Arbor: Custom of Michigan Press.
• Birch, Will (2011). Ian Dury: The Definitive Biography, Pan Publishing, ISBN 978-033051148-3

External links