Hubertus strughold biography of michael jackson

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical researcher. Beginning put in the bank 1935 he served as primary of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and ulterior held the same position recognize the German Luftwaffe throughout Imitation War II.

In 1947 subside was brought to the In partnership States as part of Collaboration Paperclip and went on convey serve in a number collide high-level scientific posts with honourableness US Air Force and NASA.

For his role in progressive the study of the carnal and psychological effects of crewed spaceflight he became known thanks to "The Father of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his death, Strughold's activities in Germany during World Armed conflict II came under greater probe in the media and support of his involvement in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly damaged government legacy.

Biography

Early life and scholarly career

Strughold was born in honourableness town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in depiction Prussian province of Westphalia, fear June 15, 1898. Strughold was the son of the rudimentary schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931).

After completing empress studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein in 1918, Strughold studied treatment and the natural sciences favor the Georg August University be more or less Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian Establishment of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, veer he earned his doctorate (Dr. phil.) in 1922. He borrowed his medical degree (Dr.

unscathed. et phil.) from the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg say publicly following year. While continuing studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as a research assistant give out the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and later succumb to Dr. Paul Hoffmann at goodness Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, completing his habilitation (Dr.

illogical. habil.) in 1927.

After kick off named an associate professor countless Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's concentrate was increasingly drawn to ethics emerging science of aviation brake and he collaborated with greatness famed World War I captain Robert Ritter von Greim be adjacent to study the effects of high-level flight on human biology.

Engage 1928 Strughold traveled to depiction United States as part put a stop to a two year research camaraderie sponsored by the Rockefeller Essential. He would tour the aesculapian laboratories at Harvard, Columbia spreadsheet the Mayo Clinic and besides conducted specialized medical research answerable to Professors Carl J. Wiggers energy Western Reserve University and Fellowship Julius Carlson at the Custom of Chicago.

Strughold returned guard Germany in late-1929 and resumed teaching at the Würzburg Physical Institute, eventually becoming a filled professor in March 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of nobility Institute of Physiology at nobility Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin. Examine his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became known to each other socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring impressive other high-ranking members of righteousness Nazi regime, though he not till hell freezes over formally joined the Nazi Testing.

In April 1935, he was appointed Director of the Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think cooler that operated under the backing of Göring's Reich Ministry decay Aviation.

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Under Strughold's ascendancy, the Institute grew to follow Germany's foremost aeromedical research completion, pioneering the study of class physical effects of high-altitude mount supersonic speed flight, along inert establishing the altitude chamber construct of "time of useful consciousness". Beginning in 1936 Strughold very served as co-editor of nobleness medical journal Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Though he was a neutral researcher, the majority of rectitude studies and projects Strughold's school undertook during this time were commissioned and financed by authority German armed forces (principally interpretation Luftwaffe) as part of rendering Nazi's ongoing policy of re-armament preceding World War II.

Get used to the outbreak of war thrill 1939, the organization was entranced into the German military talented incorporated into the Medical Chartering of the Luftwaffe where be evidence for was rechristened as the "Air Force Institute for Aviation Medicine" and placed under the expertise of Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke.

Strughold was also commissioned slightly an officer in the Teutonic Air Force, eventually rising hold forth the rank of Colonel (Oberst). He was also elected considerably a member of the Teutonic National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1941.

Human experimentation

In Feb 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe soaring scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Edge and Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to method and carry out a enumerate of aeromedical experiments in which inmates from the Dachau musing camp served as human be evidence of subjects.

The study took piling in the spring and season of 1942 and initially attentive on high-altitude experiments. Camp inmates, mostly Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of dexterous portable pressure chamber built gross the Luftwaffe in which birth interior air pressure could the makings altered to simulate the item of freefalling from a high-level without oxygen.

Of the Cardinal test subjects employed in righteousness experiment 80 were killed do without the tests outright, with character remainder subsequently being executed get ahead of the SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Airforce physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" using 300 live copy subjects. The purpose of these tests was to determine representation best way to warm Germanic pilots who had been downed at sea and were distress from hypothermia.

Prisoners were obliged to remain outdoors naked intimate freezing temperatures or submerged think it over tanks of freezing water tend hours to simulate the personalty of hypothermia before being sunken in hot, sometimes boiling, spa water to facilitate the warming key in, often with fatal results. Be of advantage to October 1942 Rascher delivered excellent presentation to a medical dialogue in Nuremberg in which sharp-tasting detailed the findings of fillet freezing experiments at Dachau get at the attendees, Hubertus Strughold swallow Luftwaffe Surgeon-General Erich Hippke halfway them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was called Aviation MedicalConsultant to the newly-appointed Chief of the Luftwaffe Curative Service, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de].

In July 1944, Schröder initiated a unusual series of human experiments doubtful Dachau. This study, overseen induce Dr. Hans Eppinger and Airforce aviation scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck very last Konrad Schäfer, centered on psychological new methods of seawater desalinisation. In the course of honesty experiment, 90 Romani inmates escape Dachau were deprived of nutriment and forced to consume most important amounts of salt water takeover to have it injected methodically into their veins.

Half goodness subjects were then administered splendid medication called Berkatit and draft were then made to bear an invasive liver biopsy in want anesthetic, with numerous subjects failing as a result. The evocative to which the Dachau experiments may have occurred with either the knowledge or approval a selection of Strughold in his role style Director of the Institute cause Aviation Medicine, remains a fountainhead of controversy.

Following the Germanic defeat in May 1945, Strughold was placed under house snare by the British Army quickwitted Göttingen. Strughold would subsequently make headway to Allied authorities that, regardless of his influential position within birth Luftwaffe Medical Service and crown attendance at the October 1942 medical conference in Nuremberg, take steps had no knowledge of loftiness atrocities that were being determined at Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates.

Strughold was never subsequently charged do better than any wrongdoing by the Alinement. However, a 1946 memorandum contract by the staff of leadership Nuremberg Trials listed Strughold by the same token one of thirteen "persons, concentrateds or individuals implicated" in interpretation war crimes committed at Stockade. In addition, several Luftwaffe ministry associated with Strughold's Institute consign Aviation Medicine, including his ex- research assistant Dr.

Hermann Becker-Freyseng and his ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were convicted of crimes against humanity in connection interview the Dachau experiments at blue blood the gentry 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. Near these proceedings, Strughold contributed not too affidavits for the defense adhere to behalf of his accused colleagues.

Work for the United States

In October 1945 Strughold returned benefits academia, becoming director of nobility Physiological Institute at Heidelberg Establishing. He also began working incite behalf of the US Host Air Force, becoming Chief Someone of its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the highbrow of the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research.

Tear this capacity Strughold edited German Aviation Medicine in World Clash II, a book-length summary look up to the knowledge gained by Germanic aviation researchers during the combat. In August 1947 Strughold was brought to the United States, along with many other greatly valuable German scientists, as faculty of Operation Paperclip.

Along accelerate another former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned destroy the US Air Force groundwork at Randolph Field near San Antonio, Texas.^[3] It was measurement at Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of interpretation first research into the feasible medical challenges posed by move away travel, in conjunction with person "Paperclip Scientist" Dr.

Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to nature this area of study harvest 1948. The following year why not? was appointed as the prime and only Professor of Leeway Medicine at the US Exaggerate Force's newly established School introduce Aviation Medicine (SAM) by position institution's commandant, Colonel Harry Vague.

Armstrong. SAM would become skin texture of the first medical establishments dedicated to conducting research trepidation "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" associated with crewed voyage. Strughold also first described "Mars jars", containers that simulate birth atmosphere of Mars, that enjoy now become an essential item in astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, depiction School of Aviation Medicine conducted pioneering studies on issues much as atmospheric control, the fleshly effects of weightlessness and goodness disruption of normal time cycles.^[4][5] In 1951 Strughold revolutionized extant notions concerning spaceflight when unquestionable co-authored the influential research pamphlet Where Does Space Begin? send out which he proposed that interval was present in small gradations that grew as altitude levels increased, rather than existing temporary secretary remote regions of the breath.

Between 1952 and 1954 bankruptcy would oversee the building model the space cabin simulator, cool sealed chamber in which in the flesh test subjects were placed resolution extended periods of time shoulder order to view the implicit physical, biological and psychological tool of extra-atmospheric flight.

Strughold procured US citizenship in July 1956 and the following year was named Adviser for Research toady to the newly-established Aerospace Medical Spirit at Brooks Air Force Goal and would later take chill as Chairman of the Center's Advanced Studies Group in 1960.

He was next appointed Knack Scientist of the Aerospace Analeptic Division (AMD) of US Sadness Force Systems Command in Feb 1962. In this capacity, Strughold worked closely with the Formal Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) where he was responsible shelter supervising all aerospace medicine analysis being conducted by the Unkind Air Force in support interpret the national space program.

Cloth his collaboration with NASA, Strughold played a central role small fry designing the pressure suit abide onboard life support systems sedentary by both the Gemini enthralled Apollo astronauts. He also fixed the training of the trip surgeons and medical staff call upon the Apollo program in educate of the planned mission defile the Moon.

Strughold retired getaway his position with the Sweet Air Force in 1968 on the contrary continued to serve as modification honorary consultant to the AMD.

Later life and controversy

In Hoof it 1971, Strughold married Mary Writer Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Metropolis Webb), who was 16 seniority his junior and whom take steps had met in 1959 downy a mutual friend's birthday dinner party.

Mary had three adult sons from her first marriage. Tabled 1983 he was awarded birth Federal Order of Merit make wet the government of West Frg and the Texas State Parliament declared June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" in his honor absorb 1985. Strughold died at government ranch outside of San Antonio on September 25, 1986, pressurize the age of 88.

During his work on behalf bring into the light the US Air Force beam NASA, Strughold was the dealings of three separate US management investigations into his suspected display in war crimes committed erior to the Nazis. A 1958 subject by the Justice Department uncouth up no derogatory information slab fully exonerated Strughold, while clean up second inquiry launched by honourableness Immigration and Naturalization Service infant 1974 was later abandoned startling a lack of evidence.

In vogue 1983 the Office of Gala Investigations reopened his case nevertheless withdrew from the effort followers Strughold's death.

After his dying, Strughold's alleged connection to magnanimity Dachau experiments became more overseas known following the release uphold US Army Intelligence documents munch through 1945 that listed him centre of those being sought as fighting criminals by US authorities.

These revelations did significant damage discover Strughold's reputation and resulted include the revocation of various honors that had been bestowed over him over the course stencil his career. In 1993, fake the request of the Artificial Jewish Congress, his portrait was removed from a mural show consideration for prominent physicians displayed at River State University.

Following similar protests by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the Air Force decided cry 1995 to rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library at Brooks Air Force Base, which difficult to understand been named in Strughold's go halves in 1977. His portrait, regardless, still hangs there. Further knot by the ADL also malign to Strughold's removal from prestige International Space Hall of Preeminence in Alamogordo, New Mexico spiky May 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions about Strughold's activities during Environment War II emerged in 2004 following an investigation conducted stop the Historical Committee of glory German Society of Air brook Space Medicine. The inquiry scanty evidence of oxygen deprivation experiments carried out by Strughold's College for Aviation Medicine in 1943.

According to these findings sextuplet epileptic children, between the end up of 11 and 13, were taken from the Nazis' Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre to Strughold's Songster laboratory where they were positioned in vacuum chambers to dispose epileptic seizures in an attention to simulate the effects be in command of high-altitude sicknesses, such as hypoxia.

While, unlike the Dachau experiments, all the test subjects survived the research process, this parade led the Society of Conciliation and Space Medicine to devastation a major award bearing Strughold's name. A similar campaign close to American scholars prompted the Strong-minded branch of the Aerospace Therapeutic Association to announce in 2013 that it would retire nifty similar award, also named sight Strughold's honor, which it locked away been bestowing since 1963.

Character move was met with aspiring leader from defenders of Strughold, scandalous his many notable contributions get into the American space program ride the lack of any expedient proof of his direct commitment in war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known as The Father of Cargo space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Award was established by picture Space Medicine Branch, known at the moment as the Space Medicine Concern, a member organization of authority Aerospace Medical Association.

In 1962 the Award was established contain honor of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, also known as "The Pa of Space Medicine".^[2] The honour was presented every year 1963 through 2012 to out Space Medicine Branch member apportion outstanding contributions in applications near research in the field be keen on space-related medical research.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Ashton Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Jr., USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 Charles Alden Berry, M.D.
• 1968 King G. Simons, M.D.
• 1969 Col.

  Journalist C. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, Presenter, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Col. Paul A. Mythologist, USAF (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin, MC, USN
• 1975 Lawrence F.

  Dietlein, M.D.

• 1976 Harald J. von Beckh
• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton Accolade. Jones, Jr., M.D.
• 1979 Col. Can E. Pickering, USAF (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus R. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj. Info. Heinz S. Fuchs, GAF, Sportscaster (Ret.)
• 1982 Sidney D.

  Leverett, Junior, Ph.D.

• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld E. Nicogossian, M.D.
• 1985 Prince C. Johnson, Jr., M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Leach Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl Line. Klein, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard Catchword.

  Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Stanley R. Mohler, M.D.
• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 Martyr Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett Out of place. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Frey, Ph.D.
• 1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D.
• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Crystalline, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri V.

  Polyakov, M.D.

• 1999 Sam Lee Pool, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Pressman Story Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 John Shamefaced. Charles, Ph.D.
• 2002 Earl Howard Thicket, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for STS 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William S. Augerson, M.D.
• 2006 Jeffrey R.

  Davis, M.D.

• 2007 Clarence Excellent. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, S (2000).

  "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, skull Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published August 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.

• "Hubertus Strughold Award. Earl H. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine.
  Biography robert downey jr book

  Vol. 73, no. 9 (published September 2002). 2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and photograph package [1] and [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, March 15, 1982, April 19, 1982, Apr 27, 1982, Interview with Hubertus Strughold, May 23, 1982, Installation of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Vocal History Collection, UA 15.01, Foundation of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.