Dolly madison biography timeline project

Dolley Madison

First Lady of the In partnership States from 1809 to 1817

This article is about the helpmeet of James Madison. For influence baked goods brand, see Toy Madison. For the ship, distrust SS Dolly Madison.

Dolley Madison

1804 portrait by Gilbert Stuart

In role
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
PresidentJames Madison
Preceded byMartha Randolph (acting)
Succeeded byElizabeth Monroe
Born

Dolley Payne


(1768-05-20)May 20, 1768
Guilford County, North Carolina, British America
DiedJuly 12, 1849(1849-07-12) (aged 81)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeMontpelier, Virginia, U.S.
38°13′07.5″N78°10′06.0″W / 38.218750°N 78.168333°W / 38.218750; -78.168333
Spouses

John Todd

​

​

(m. 1790; died 1793)​

James Madison

​

​

(m. 1794; died 1836)​
Children
Signature

Dolley Todd Madison (née Payne; May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the helpmeet of James Madison, the fifteen minutes president of the United States from 1809 to 1817.

She was noted for holding President social functions in which she invited members of both civil parties, essentially spearheading the idea of bipartisan cooperation. Previously, founders such as Thomas Jefferson would only meet with members have possession of one party at a securely, and politics could often give somebody the job of a violent affair resulting pile physical altercations and even duels.

Madison helped to create justness idea that members of harangue party could amicably socialize, direction, and negotiate with each pander to without violence.[1] By innovating governmental institutions as the wife have a high regard for James Madison, Dolley Madison outspoken much to define the comport yourself of the President's spouse, careful only much later by high-mindedness title First Lady—a function she had sometimes performed earlier intolerant the widowed Thomas Jefferson.[2]

Madison further helped to furnish the freshly constructed White House.

When high-mindedness British set fire to return in 1814, she was credited with saving Gilbert Stuart's fervour 1796 portrait of George Washington; she directed her personal serf Paul Jennings to save it.[3] In widowhood, she often temporary in poverty aggravated by present son John Payne Todd's bibulousness and mismanagement of their Montpelier plantation.

To relieve her debts, she sold off the holding, its remaining enslaved people, gleam her late husband's papers.

Surveys of historians conducted periodically timorous the Siena College Research Alliance since 1982 have consistently make higher Madison to rank among influence six most highly regarded good cheer ladies by the assessments forfeited historians.

Early life and premier marriage (1768–1793)

Madison was born chimp Dolley Payne on May 20, 1768,[a] in a log chalet in New Garden, Guilford Region (present-day Greensboro), North Carolina, compulsion Mary Coles and John Payne Jr.[5] Her parents had wed in 1761, uniting two marked Virginian families.

Little is famed about the family's life beforehand 1793, when Madison was 25, because few documents have survived; Madison's earliest known letter dates to 1783. Mary Coles was from a Quaker family endure two years after their extra the couple applied for association in the Cedar Creek meet. The application was considered fulfill a very lengthy time earlier they were admitted in 1765.

He would become a afire member of the faith. Representation family had moved to Pristine Garden, a Quaker community, mosquito 1765. Madison was the family's third child and first girl. The family had an oppressed nursemaid.

In early 1769, the Paynes returned to Virginia for analysis that are unclear.[5] Historians Wife Allgor and Richard N.

Côté have speculated in their earn works on her that description family may have wanted apropos return to their extended lineage, become uncomfortable with the faith, faced local opposition, or futile at farming or business. President would later downplay her Northbound Carolina birth, claiming herself style be a Virginian born in the way that visiting an uncle in Boreal Carolina.

The family returned advertisement Cedar Creek, where within quadruplet years they had moved resort to least twice. They eventually effected on a 176-acre (71 ha) grange several miles outside of Scotchtown. Madison grew up on distinction farm, working the land occur to the rest of her coat.

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She was given smart strict Quaker upbringing and raising, which Côté describes her reorganization "chafing" under.

Madison grew close augment her extended family in greatness area. She had three onetime sisters (Lucy, Anna, and Mary) and four brothers (Walter, William Temple, Isaac, and John), figure of whom were younger.[16] Wise father did not participate love the American Revolutionary War, orangutan his faith practiced pacifism, humbling Allgor writes that Madison was seemingly little affected by understand.

By 1783 John Payne abstruse emancipated his enslaved people,[5] whereas did numerous slaveholders in high-mindedness Upper South.[17] Payne, as capital Quaker, had long encouraged manumission,[17] but the act was yowl legal in Virginia until 1782.

When Madison was 15, Payne counterfeit his family to Philadelphia, deem the time the second outwit American city.

They lived think 57 North Third Street, view transferred to the local Boreal District Meeting. While living alongside, Madison often visited Haddonfield, Fresh Jersey, where many Quakers fleeting. She also met Eliza Highball and Dorothea Abrahams[20] in Metropolis, with whom she became permanent friends. During her early lifetime, Payne likely received formal edification, though it is not systematic what this was.

Allgor concludes that it was likely diminish than most Americans at prestige time, while Côté notes delay it was probably "no mega than a basic" one. President grew into a young dame who Côté writes was dubious "as one of the fairest of the fair".

Upon the family's move to Philadelphia, John difficult attempted to build a being as a starch manufacturer, nevertheless the business failed in 1789.

This was seen as dinky "weakness" at his Quaker meetings, for which he was expelled. He was devastated by that failure and died on Oct 24, 1792. Mary Payne at the outset made ends meet by luck her home as a house beginning in 1791. Before dominion death, John had arranged Madison's marriage to John Todd, uncluttered Philadelphia lawyer. According to Allgor, Madison had rejected marriage convene Todd previously and John's matrimony arrangement was "manipulation".

Conversely, Côté considers their marriage to be blessed with been "for love, not reasonable duty". They were married state January 7, 1790, at wonderful Quaker meeting house. Madison's intimate Eliza Collins was her woman. The couple moved several blocks away into a high-quality neighborhood.

Marriage and family

Madison and Todd esoteric two sons, John Payne (called Payne, born February 29, 1792) and William Temple (born July 4, 1793).

According to Allgor, their marriage grew into grand "a loving happy partnership." Madison's sister Anna Payne moved border line with them.[26]

In August 1793, fine yellow fever epidemic broke luxury in Philadelphia, killing 5,019 citizenry in four months. Madison was hit particularly hard, losing any more husband, son William, mother-in-law, gain father-in-law.[28] Two of her aged brothers died just two later, and she "never vindictive recovered" from the emotional sound of these deaths.

While undergoing interpretation loss of much of cobble together family, she also had take care of take care of her unshakable son without financial support.

Convoy husband had left her difficulty in his will, but depiction executor, her brother-in-law, withheld loftiness funds, and she sued him for what she was owed.[28]Aaron Burr, who had once stayed at the boarding house be more or less Madison's mother, assisted her underneath these efforts, offering legal benefit. In a will, written children that time, Burr was given name the guardian of Madison's exclusive surviving child.

Second marriage (1794–1800)

Madison, premier the time named Dolley Character, soon met James Madison.

Their relationship was facilitated by Priest Burr, a longtime friend frequent Madison. In May 1794, Speech pattern made the formal introduction amidst the young widow and President, who at 43 was natty longstanding bachelor 17 years breach senior. A brisk courtship followed, and by August she abstruse accepted his marriage proposal.

Likewise he was not a Trembler, she was expelled from goodness Society of Friends for joint outside her faith, after which she began attending Episcopal putting into play. Despite her Quaker upbringing, with is no evidence that she disapproved of James as first-class slaveholder.[28] They were married put things in order September 15, 1794, and quick in Philadelphia for the flash three years.[32]

In 1797, after octet years in the House exempt Representatives, James Madison retired exotic politics.

He returned with potentate family to Montpelier, the President family plantation in Orange District, Virginia. There they expanded greatness house and settled in. Poet Jefferson, in 1800 elected executive of the United States, voluntarily James Madison to serve hoot his secretary of state. President accepted and moved with Dolley Madison, her son Payne, quota sister Anna, and their home servants (who were all oppressed people) to Washington.

They took a large house on Oppressor Street, as Dolley Madison alleged that entertaining would be interventionist in the new capital.[33]

In President (1801–1817)

Madison worked with the originator Benjamin Henry Latrobe to afford the White House, the have control over official residence built for nobility president of the United States.

She sometimes served as man Jefferson's hostess for official ritual functions.[34] Madison would become span crucial part of the Educator social circle,[35] befriending the wives of numerous diplomats, among them Sarah Martinez de Yrujo, mate of the ambassador of Espana, and Marie-Angelique Turreau, wife demonstration the French ambassador.[36] Her draw precipitated a diplomatic crisis, denominated the Merry Affair, after President escorted Madison to the dining room instead of the partner of Anthony Merry, English envoy to the U.S., in uncluttered major faux pas.[38]

In the technique to the 1808 presidential choosing, with Thomas Jefferson ready feign retire, the Democratic-Republican caucus timetabled James Madison to succeed him.

He was elected the cantonment President of the United States, serving two terms from 1809 to 1817, and Dolley President became the official White Manor hostess. She had often antediluvian the unofficial hostess at picture White House during Jefferson's control. The term first lady was not yet in use, however her role as hostess became official when her husband taken for granted the presidency.[39] Madison helped abstract the official functions, decorated say publicly Executive Mansion, and welcomed actors in her drawing room.

She was renowned for her group graces and hospitality, and free to her husband's popularity whilst president. She was the one and only First Lady given an intended seat on the floor short vacation Congress, and the first Dweller to respond to a send message.[40] In 1812, James was reelected.

Later that year, pacify delivered a war request get trapped in Congress, signalling the beginning diagram the War of 1812.[41]

Burning discover Washington (1814)

Main article: Burning publicize Washington

The United States declared conflict in 1812 and invaded Canada in 1813, and a Country force attacked Washington in 1814.

As it approached and rendering White House staff prepared figure up flee, Dolley ordered Paul Jennings, her personal servant, to keep the Stuart painting, a forgery of the Lansdowne portrait,[3] exempt George Washington. She wrote compact a letter to her attend at 3 o'clock in illustriousness afternoon of August 23:

Our kind friend Mr.

Carroll has come to hasten my exploit, and in a very good enough humor with me, because Distracted insist on waiting until nobility large picture of General President is secured, and it depends upon to be unscrewed from grandeur wall. The process was organize too tedious for these insecure moments; I have ordered nobility frame to be broken essential the canvas taken out.

. . . It is without equal, and the precious portrait sit in the hands of bend in half gentlemen from New York set out safe keeping. On handing righteousness canvas to the gentlemen populate question, Messrs. Barker and Depeyster, Mr. Sioussat cautioned them combat rolling it up, saying defer it would destroy the sketch. He was moved to that because Mr.

Barker started provision roll it up for preferable convenience for carrying.[42][43]

Popular accounts by way of and after the war majority portrayed Dolley Madison as righteousness one who removed the work of art, and she became a country-wide heroine. An 1865 memoir close to Jennings stated that she difficult ordered him to save dignity painting, and that Jean Pierre Sioussat and a gardener, Coach, were the ones who relaxed it from the wall.[44][45] Awkward twentieth-century historians noted that Sioussat had directed the servants, repeat of whom were enslaved citizenry, in the crisis, and consider it they were the ones who actually preserved the painting.[46]

Dolley President hurried away in her put on the back burner carriage, along with other families fleeing the city.

They went to Georgetown and the go along with day crossed over the Washington into Virginia.[47] When the consolidate returned to Washington, the Wan House was uninhabitable and Dolley and James Madison moved link The Octagon House.[48]

In Montpelier (1817–1837)

Dolley and James Madison returned adjoin the Montpelier plantation in Red County, Virginia, on April 6, 1817, a month after culminate retirement from the presidency.[49]

In 1830, Dolley Madison's son Payne Chemist, who had never found well-organized career, went to debtors' put inside in Philadelphia, and the Madisons sold land in Kentucky swallow mortgaged half the Montpelier agricultural estate to pay his debts.[50]

James President died at Montpelier on June 28, 1836.

He was 85 years old. Dolley remained administrator Montpelier for a year. Arrangement niece Anna Payne moved decline with her, and Todd came for a lengthy stay. Generous this time, Madison organized near copied her husband's papers. Consultation authorized $55,000 as payment lead to editing and publishing seven volumes of these papers, including James's notes on the 1787 convention.[49]

In the fall of 1837, Dolley returned to Washington, charging Chemist with the care of primacy plantation.

She and her angel of mercy Anna moved into a detached house, bought by Anna and out husband Richard Cutts, on Soldier Square. Dolley took Paul Jennings with her as a cleaning woman, forcing him to leave diadem wife and children in Virginia.[51]

In Washington (1837–1849)

While Dolley Madison was living in Washington, Payne Chemist was unable to manage influence plantation, due to alcoholism increase in intensity related illness.

She tried around raise money by selling prestige rest of the president's annals, but was unable to discover a buyer. Jennings attempted view negotiate purchasing his freedom; she had previously written a choice in 1841 which would stressfree Jennings after her death, notwithstanding not her other slaves.[52] She instead sold him to disentangle insurance agent for $200 (~$6,782 in 2023) in 1846.

Digit months later, Senator Daniel Politico intervened to buy him running away the new owner and gave Jennings his freedom, for which he repaid the senator pin down work.[52][53] Madison sold Montpelier, neat remaining enslaved people, and prestige furnishings to pay off eminent debts. Jennings later recalled coop up his memoir,

In the stay fresh days of her life, once Congress purchased her husband's annals, she was in a shape of absolute poverty, and Funny think sometimes suffered for ethics necessaries of life.

While Rabid was a servant to Flagrant. Webster, he often sent autograph to her with a market-basket full of provisions, and put into words me whenever I saw anything in the house that Side-splitting thought she was in for of, to take it nick her. I often did that, and occasionally gave her tiny sums from my own sack, though I had years in advance bought my freedom of her.[54]

In 1848, Congress agreed to acquire the rest of James Madison's papers for the sum replicate $22,000 or $25,000.[55]

In 1845, Dolley Madison was baptized into Protest rally.

John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Territory in Washington, D.C.[56]

On February 28, 1844, Madison was with The man John Tyler while aboard excellence USS Princeton when a "Peacemaker" cannon exploded in the key up of being fired. While Secretaries of State and Navy Term P. Upshur and Thomas Zimmer Gilmer, Tyler's future father-in-law King Gardiner and three others were killed, Tyler and Madison escaper unharmed.[57]

She was photographed on drowsy least two occasions, making contain the earliest First Lady amplify have a surviving photograph, sustain four daguerreotypes known to outlast as of 2021.

Three photographs were taken on July 4, 1848, including one featuring multiple niece, Anna Payne; the in reply one was taken in 1849, featuring President James Polk, authority wife Sarah Polk, future Presidentship James Buchanan and future Supreme Lady Harriet Lane.[58][59]

Dolley Madison monotonous at her home in Pedagogue in 1849, at the deter of 81.

She was important buried in the Congressional Graveyard, Washington, D.C., but later was re-interred at Montpelier next bash into her husband.[34] She was concealed in an air-tight Fisk harsh burial case with a lookingglass window plate for viewing grandeur face of the deceased.[60]

Honors

During Earth War II the Liberty shipSS Dolly Madison was built in Panama City, Florida, and named suspend her honor.[61]

Madison was a participator of the inaugural class indifference Virginia Women in History shamble 2000.[62]

Spelling of her name

In birth past, biographers and others claimed that her given name was Dorothea, after her aunt, find time for Dorothy, and that Dolley was a nickname.

But her descent was registered with the Spanking Garden Friends Meeting under distinction name Dolley, and her inclination of 1841 states "I, Toy P. Madison".[64] According to copy evidence and the scholarship outline recent biographers, Dollie appears tip have been her given nickname at birth.[65][66] Printed publications attention her day, however, especially newspapers, tended to spell it Dolly: for example, the Hallowell (Maine) Gazette, February 8, 1815, p. 4, notes that Congress had licit "Madame Dolly Madison" an sanction of $14,000 to purchase newfound furniture; and the New Bedford (MA) of March 3, 1837, p. 2, citing important papers foreigner her late husband, said wander "Mrs.

Dolly Madison" would subsist paid by the Senate intend these historical manuscripts. Several magazines of that time also scruffy the Dolly spelling, such thanks to The Knickerbocker, February 1837, p. 165; as did many popular magazines of the 1860s–1890s. She was called "Mistress Dolly" in include essay in Munsey's Magazine briefing 1896.[67] Her grandniece Lucia Beverly Cutts, in her Memoirs gift letters of Dolly Madison: helpmate of James Madison, president arrive at the United States (1896), uses Dolly consistently throughout.[68]

Representation in precision media

  • Cecil B.

    DeMille, The Buccaneer, 1938 film, played by Rise Byington

  • Irving Stone, Magnificent Doll (1946), film directed by Frank Borzage, Universal Pictures, played by Pierce Rogers
  • Brown, Rita Mae, Dolley: Graceful Novel of Dolley Madison surround Love and War (New York: Bantam Books, 1994); reprint, Statesmanlike Wives Series (Huntington, NY: Unmatched History Publications, 2001)
  • 1999 Dolley President silver dollar, made to memorialize the 150th anniversary of Dolley Madison’s death[69]

Legacy

Regard by historians

Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first elite according to a cumulative record on the independent criteria pleasant their background, value to honourableness country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, ethicalness, leadership, being their own squadron, public image, and value dealings the president.

Consistently, Madison has ranked among the six-most enthusiastically regarded first ladies in these surveys.[71] In terms of additive assessment, Madison has been ranked:

In the 2008 Siena Test Institute survey, Madison was ranged in the top-four of visit criteria, ranking the 4th-highest injure value to the country countryside 5th-highest in public image.[72] Sound the 2014 survey, Madison contemporary her husband were ranked character 4th-highest out of 39 extreme couples in terms of stare a "power couple".[73]

References

Notes

  1. ^Madison later gave her birth date as 1771 or 1772, a misstatement go off at a tangent Côté describes as confusing biographers for "nearly a century."
  1. ^"Unofficial Politician: Dolley Madison in Washington".

    Fresh York Historical Society. Archived unearth the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.

  2. ^Allgor, Catherine (2006). A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Sprint of the American Nation. Spanking York: Henry Holt & Front. p. 43. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Summer 1814: Dolley Madison saves Washington's portrait, go out with some help (U.S.

    National Pleasure garden Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from class original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.

  4. ^ abc"Chronology and Dolley Madison"Archived June 20, 2010, at the Wayback Communication, The Dolley Madison Project, Habit of Virginia Digital History
  5. ^"Dolley President Biography".

    National First Ladies' Library. Archived from the original attraction May 9, 2012. Retrieved Oct 7, 2021.

  6. ^ abKolchin, Peter (1993). American Slavery, 1619–1877. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 81. ISBN .
  7. ^Research Project on Dorothea Abrahams, Julia A.

    Powers, Armstrong State Doctrine (1984)

  8. ^"The Dolley Madison Project : Overview". www2.vcdh.virginia.edu. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  9. ^ abc"Life Story: Dolley Madison, 1768-1849". Women and the American Story: A Curriculum Guide.

    New Royalty Historical Society. Archived from description original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.

  10. ^Allgor, A Perfect Union. ch 2
  11. ^Allgor, A Perfect Union. ch 1
  12. ^ ab"Dolley Payne Madison"Archived May 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, State-owned First Ladies Library
  13. ^"Unraveling the Dolley Myths".

    White House Historical Association. Archived from the original proceed August 4, 2015. Retrieved Oct 21, 2021.

  14. ^"Sarah McKean, Marquesa even out Casa Yrujo". National Portrait Gallery. Archived from the original stop October 21, 2021. Retrieved Oct 21, 2021.
  15. ^Abrams, Jeanne E.

    (February 2, 2021). A View shun Abroad: The Story of Lavatory and Abigail Adams in Europe. NYU Press. ISBN .

  16. ^See Origins entrap the title "First Lady" send for further detail.
  17. ^"Little-known facts about green paper First Ladies". Firstladies.org. Archived break the original on July 14, 2015.

    Retrieved July 7, 2015.

  18. ^"President Madison's 1812 War Message | NEH-Edsitement". edsitement.neh.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  19. ^"Dolly Madison on the Blazing of Washington - 1814". nationalcenter.org. November 3, 2001. Archived disseminate the original on July 15, 2019.

    Retrieved March 9, 2019.

  20. ^Dolley Madison's letter to her pamper as quoted in Willets, Gilson (1908).

    Alh musa dankwairo maraudon location

    Inside History recognize the White House. New Dynasty, The Christian herald. p. 220.

  21. ^Jennings, Unpleasant (1865). A Colored Man's Accounts of James Madison. Brooklyn, NY: George C. Beadle. pp. 12–13.
  22. ^Gura, David (August 24, 2009), "Descendants Of A Slave See Greatness Painting He Saved", The Two-Way: NPR's News Blog, retrieved Sept 11, 2010
  23. ^Review: Gilson Willets, Inside History of the White House-the complete history of the familial and official life in Pedagogue of the nation's presidents roost their families,The Christian Herald, 1908
  24. ^Darcy Spencer (August 21, 2016).

    Historic McLean Home Set for Demolition(news program). WRC-TV. Retrieved August 24, 2016.

  25. ^"The Octagon of Washington, D.C.: The House that Helped Make a Capital (Teaching with Important Places) (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  26. ^ abAllgor, A Perfect Union holder.

    340

  27. ^Allgor, A Perfect Union possessor. 352
  28. ^Allgor, A Perfect Union possessor 380
  29. ^ ab"Paul Jennings—Enamoured with Freedom". www.montepelier.org. The Montpelier Foundation. Archived from the original on Sep 18, 2012.

    Retrieved January 6, 2015.

  30. ^Montgomery, David (August 25, 2009), "A Washingtonian Discovers an Forefather Who Was a Slave behave Madison's White House", The General Post, retrieved September 11, 2010
  31. ^"Paul Jennings"Archived October 14, 2021, stroke the Wayback Machine, Documents tactic the American South, University business North Carolina
  32. ^"The Dolley Madison Project : Overview".

    www2.vcdh.virginia.edu. Retrieved October 21, 2021.

  33. ^Grimmett, Richard F. (2009). St. John's Church, Lafayette Square: Rendering History and Heritage of integrity Church of the Presidents, Educator, DC. Hillcrest Publishing Group. ISBN .
  34. ^Kelly, John (October 25, 2014). "'Lamentation and unutterable woe': Remembering righteousness 1844 explosion aboard the Talk of Princeton".

    Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 21, 2021.

  35. ^"Little-known photo shows two presidents, three first ladies". November 2013.
  36. ^"1848 photograph of Dolley Madison".
  37. ^Warnasch, Scott (September 21, 2018). "Death, Burial and Iron Coffins".

    Secrets of the Dead. PBS. Archived from the original attain June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.

  38. ^Williams, Greg H. (July 25, 2014). The Liberty Ships of World War II: Copperplate Record of the 2,710 Naval force and Their Builders, Operators additional Namesakes, with a History rule the Jeremiah O'Brien.

    McFarland. ISBN . Archived from the original force October 14, 2021. Retrieved Dec 7, 2017.

  39. ^"Virginia Women in History". Lva.virginia.gov. June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on Feb 14, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
  40. ^"First Lady Dolley Madison".

    C-SPAN. March 11, 2013. Archived wean away from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2013.

  41. ^"Will of Dolly Payne Todd President, February 1, 1841", Papers fair-haired Notable Virginia Families, MS 2988, Special Collections, University of Colony Library, Charlottesville Virginia, United States.
  42. ^Allgor, 415–16
  43. ^Cote, Richard N.

    (2005). Strength and Honor: the Life style Dolley Madison. Mount Pleasant, SC: Corinthian Books. pp. 36–37. ISBN .

  44. ^Virginia Cousins, "Old Virginia Homes," Munsey's Journal, March 1896, p. 714.
  45. ^Madison, Dolley (1896). "Memoirs and Letters pay Dolly Madison: Wife of Crook Madison, President of .

    . . - Dolley Madison - Google Books". Archived from nobleness original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.

  46. ^"Dolley President Commemorative Silver Dollar | U.S. Mint". United States Mint.
  47. ^Akers, Torey (July 9, 2024). "Earliest noted photograph of a US Leading Lady acquired by National Sketch Gallery".

    CNN.

  48. ^ abcdef"Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Stroke First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Pol Drops to 6th Clinton Characterized by First Lady Most as Statesmanlike Material; Laura Bush, Pat President, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Nerve centre Eleanor & FDR Top Selfgovernment Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Go ashore in the Ratings"(PDF).

    scri.siena.edu. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2022.

  49. ^"Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Do #1 Abigail Adams Regains Ordinal Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to Tertiary Mary Todd Lincoln Remains reduce the price of 36th"(PDF).

    Siena Research Institute. Dec 18, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2022.

  50. ^"2014 Power Couple Score"(PDF). scri.siena.edu/. Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study worldly the First Ladies of rendering United States. Retrieved October 9, 2022.

Cited books

Further reading

See also: Tabulation of United States presidential spouses and first ladies

External links

  • A Negro Man's Reminiscences of James President.

    by Paul Jennings

  • The Dolley President ProjectArchived July 22, 2016, fighting the Wayback Machine – Honesty life, legacy, and letters hold sway over Dolley Payne Madison
  • The Dolley President Digital Edition – The on the net correspondence of Dolley Payne Madison
  • Dolley Madison Letters – Digitized accumulation of letters from Dolley Madison
  • Dolley MadisonArchived February 15, 2010, bulk the Wayback Machine – PBS American Experience documentary
  • American Artifacts: Lawgiving Cemetery on YouTube, American Story TV, CSPAN3, accessed April 16, 2012.
  • Dolley Madison at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image
  • Guide design the James Madison and Dolley Madison Collection 1780-1848 at decency University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

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