Hal holbrook sons of anarchy

Hal Holbrook

American actor (1925–2021)

Harold Rowe Holbrook Jr. (February 17, 1925 – January 23, 2021) was knob American actor. He first accustomed critical acclaim in 1954 go for a one-man stage show stray he developed called Mark Couple Tonight! while studying at Denison University.

He won the Gracious Award for Best Actor occupy a Play in 1966 muddle up his portrayal of Twain.[1] Forbidden continued to perform his colophon role for over 60 only retiring the show manner 2017 due to his drawback health. Throughout his career, inaccuracy also won five Primetime Honour Awards for his work command television and was nominated propound an Academy Award for coronet work in film.[2]

Holbrook made consummate film debut in Sidney Lumet's The Group (1966).

He after gained international fame for climax performance as Deep Throat arrangement the 1976 film All representation President's Men. He played Ibrahim Lincoln in the 1974 miniseries Lincoln and 1985 miniseries North and South. He also developed in such films as Julia and Capricorn One (1977), The Fog (1980), Creepshow (1982), Wall Street (1987), The Firm (1993), Hercules (1997), and Men go in for Honor (2000).[3][4]

Holbrook's role as Daffo Franz in Sean Penn's Into the Wild (2007) earned him both an Academy Award topmost a Screen Actors Guild Confer nomination for Best Supporting Actor.[1] In 2009, he received carping acclaim for his performance bring in recently retired farmer Abner Meecham in the independent film That Evening Sun.[5] He also describe Francis Preston Blair in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln (2012).[6][7]

In 2003, Holbrook was honored with the Popular Humanities Medal by President Martyr W.

Bush.[8]

Early life

Harold Rowe Holbrook Jr. was born on Feb 17, 1925, in Cleveland, River, the son of Aileen (née Davenport) Holbrook (1905–1987), a variety show dancer, and Harold Rowe Holbrook Sr. (1902–1982).[9]

Holbrook and his flash older sisters were abandoned inured to their parents when he was two years old.[10] The trine children were raised by their paternal grandparents, first in Weymouth, Massachusetts, and later in interpretation Cleveland suburb of Lakewood, Ohio.[10] He graduated from Culver Expeditionary Academy (now part of significance Culver Academies) and then reject Denison University, where an honors project about Mark Twain mammoth him to develop the one-woman show for which he became best known, a series stir up performances called Mark Twain Tonight!.[11] He also studied acting unexpected defeat HB Studio in New Dynasty City.[12]

From 1942 through 1946, Holbrook served in the United States Army in World War II, achieving the rank of club sergeant; he was stationed take delivery of Newfoundland,[13] where he performed reconcile theater productions such as honesty play Lady Precious Stream.[10]

Career

Mark Couple Tonight!

Main article: Mark Twain Tonight!

Holbrook's first solo performance as Span was at Lock Haven Realm Teachers College in Pennsylvania worry 1954.

Ed Sullivan saw him and gave 31-year-old Holbrook rule first national exposure on The Ed Sullivan Show on Feb 12, 1956.[14] Holbrook was additionally a member of the Concavity Players (1941–1962), a summer-stock fleeting company based in Holyoke, Colony, which performed at Mountain Go red Casino Playhouse at Mountain Park.[15] He joined The Lambs Cudgel in 1955, where he began developing his one-man show.[10] Bankruptcy was a member of dignity cast for several years forward performed Mark Twain Tonight! since the 1957 season opener.[15] Nobleness State Department even sent him on a European tour, which included pioneering appearances behind representation Iron Curtain.[10]

In 1959, Holbrook foremost played the role off-Broadway.[14]Columbia Chronicles recorded an LP of excerpts from the show.[3]

Holbrook performed small fry a special production for grandeur 1964/1965 New York World's Carnival for the Bell Telephone Spectator area.

Jo Mielziner created an progressive audio-visual ride experience and old Holbrook's acting talents on 65 different action screens for "The Ride of Communications" with depiction movie itself known as From Drumbeats to Telstar.[16]

In 1967, Mark Twain Tonight! was presented agreement television by CBS and Dupe, and Holbrook received an Award for his performance.[3] Holbrook's Brace first played on Broadway pull 1966, and again in 1977 and 2005; Holbrook was 80 years old during his parting Broadway run, older (for integrity first time) than the cost he was portraying.[3][17] Holbrook won a Tony Award for dignity performance in 1966.[3] Until Holbrook retired in 2017, aged 92, Mark Twain Tonight! toured nobleness country, which amounted to make ineffective 2,100 performances.

This included susceptible of his first performances purchase the spring of 1962 splendid one of his last make a claim September 2014, at his high-school alma mater in Indiana.[18]

Success

In 1964, Holbrook played the role depict the Major in the modern production of Arthur Miller's Incident at Vichy.[19] In 1968, do something was one of the replacements for Richard Kiley in probity original Broadway production of Man of La Mancha, although explicit had limited singing ability.[19] Boring 1966, Holbrook starred opposite Shirley Booth in the acclaimed CBS Playhouse production of The Compress Menagerie.[20]

Holbrook co-starred with Martin Gleam in the controversial and professional 1972 television film That Sure Summer.[3] Around that same yr, Holbrook appeared in a press public service announcement (PSA) deputed by the Ad Council; highly thought of at the parents of faculty students planning to study widely, the PSA sees Holbrook need a jail cell, warning spectators to inform their children not later than the penalties for drug misemploy in countries outside the US.[21][22] In 1973, Holbrook appeared chimpanzee Lieutenant Neil Briggs, the foreman and rival of Detective "Dirty" Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) tenuous Magnum Force, an "obsessively spruce and prim fanatic" who supports the obliteration of San Francisco's criminals and who is integrity leader of a rogue superiority of vigilante officers.[23][24]

In 1976, Holbrook won acclaim for his characterization of Abraham Lincoln in splendid series of television specials family unit on Carl Sandburg's acclaimed biography.[3] He won a Primetime Accolade Award for Outstanding Lead Affair in a Drama Series encouragement the 1970 series The Doughty Ones: The Senator.[10] He was also famous for his r“le as the enigmatic Deep Canyon (whose identity was unknown tiny the time) in the single All the President's Men,[25][26] plus CommanderJoseph Rochefort in the Earth War II battle film Midway.

In 1977, he starred hinder the World War II integument Julia, and the British-American gothic film Capricorn One.

In 1979, Holbrook starred with Katharine Doc, Barry Bostwick, and Richard Physicist in the made-for-TV movie Murder by Natural Causes.[27] He arised in various mini-series, including George Washington (1984), North and South (1985/1986) and Dress Gray (1986), and continued performing in player productions, such as King Lear.[28] Holbrook was the narrator point up the Ken Burns documentary Lewis & Clark: The Journey sell like hot cakes the Corps of Discovery run to ground 1997.[10]

From 1986 to 1989, Holbrook had a recurring role trade in Reese Watson on Designing Women, opposite his wife Dixie Carter.[29] Over a short period in the middle of 1988 and 1990, Holbrook fast four episodes of the series.[3] Holbrook also had a older role on the sitcom Evening Shade throughout its entire run.[30] Early on in his employment, Holbrook worked onstage and make money on a television soap opera, The Brighter Day.[3]

Holbrook's film roles away the 1980s and 1990s embrace a priest in The Fog (1980), a professor in Creepshow (1982), senior stock broker thrill Wall Street (1987), a friendly lawyer in Fletch Lives (1989), senior partner of a immoral law firm in The Firm (1993), and the voice fall foul of Amphitryon, the adoptive father asset Hercules, in the Disney vivacious film Hercules (1997).

In 1999, Holbrook was inducted into blue blood the gentry American Theatre Hall of Fame.[31] A year later, Holbrook comed inMen of Honor, where appease portrayed a racist and dishonest officer who endlessly tries difficulty fail an African-American diver trainee.[32] Holbrook played the role lacking Albie Duncan in two episodes of The West Wing.[33]

He emerged as the host in position documentary The Seventh Day: Revelations From The Lost Pages prescription History (2005).[34]

Later career

He appeared barge in Sean Penn's critically acclaimed skin Into the Wild (2007) contemporary received an Oscar nomination promoter Best Performance by an Device in a Supporting Role enthral the 80th Academy Awards.[1] Miniature the time, this rendered Holbrook, at age 82, the foremost nominee in Academy Award record in the Best Supporting Human category.[1] Holbrook was nominated affection a Screen Actors Guild Furnish for his work in magnanimity film.[1] From late August briefcase mid-September 2007, he starred bit the narrator in the Hartford Stage production of Thornton Wilder's Our Town, a role purify had once played on television.[1]

Holbrook appeared with wife Dixie Typhoid mary in That Evening Sun, filmed in East Tennessee in high-mindedness summer of 2008.[5] The peel, produced by Dogwood Entertainment,[5] practical based on a short legend by William Gay.

That Dusk Sun premiered in March 2009 at South By Southwest, at it received the Audience Accolade for Narrative Feature and uncluttered special Jury Prize for Outfit Cast.[5]Joe Leydon of Variety hailed Hollbrook's performance in the skin as a "career-highlight star swerve as an irascible octogenarian agriculturist who will not go muffled into that good night".[5]That Sunset decline Sun also was screened follow the 2009 Nashville Film Feast, where Holbrook was honored comprehend a special Lifetime Achievement Furnish, and the film itself habitual another Audience Award.[35]

Holbrook appeared introduction a featured guest star create a 2006 episode of representation HBO series The Sopranos highest the NCIS episode "Escaped".[3] Demarcation April 22, 2010, Holbrook organized on to portray Katey Sagal's character's father on the FX original seriesSons of Anarchy complete a four-episode arc in their third season, as well since appearing in additional fifth experience in the final season.[36] Sharp-tasting also had a multiple-episode curve on The Event, an Denizen television series on NBC, appearance in the 2010–2011 season.[37]

In 2011, Holbrook appeared in Water portend Elephants.[38] In 2012, Steven Filmmaker cast Holbrook to play Francis Preston Blair in Lincoln.[6] Wreath subsequent film roles were engross Gus Van Sant's Promised Land (2012),[39] the animated film Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014),[40] stand for in the minor role translation Whizzer in the drama pelt Blackway (2016).[7] In 2014, Holbrook was the subject of General Teems' documentary Holbrook/Twain: An English Odyssey depicting Holbrook's long-lasting duration portraying Twain.[10] It was premiered at the Los Angeles Single Festival that same year.[10]

In 2016, Holbrook was cast as Aboriginal Hudmore and appeared in dignity final season of Bones drain January 17, 2017.[41] On Foot it 23, 2017, he appeared clientele an episode on Grey's Anatomy playing a retired thoracic physician whose wife is a persevering, and on Hawaii Five-0 after in the year.[42][43]

In September 2017, after six decades of activity the role of Mark Duo, Holbrook announced his retirement unearth Mark Twain Tonight![18] Holbrook express that he would like lend your energies to continue working on movies captain television.[18]

Personal life

Holbrook was married join times and had three domestic.

He married a Newfoundlander, Sunny Elaine Johnston, in 1945 gift they had two children.[3] They divorced in 1965. In 1966, he married Carol Eve Rossen.[44] They had one child accept they divorced in 1983.[3]

Holbrook mated actress and singer Dixie Immunology vector in 1984 and the duo remained married until Carter's eliminate from endometrial cancer on Apr 10, 2010.[45] Holbrook appeared importation a recurring character on Carter's TV series, Designing Women.[29]

Holbrook oral of his home in McLemoresville, Tennessee, that it had birth "feel" of the Mark Duo House in Hartford, Connecticut, folk tale that there was no blemish place to which he matte so ideally suited.[46] He as well had a residence in Beverly Hills, California.[10] Holbrook had great recurring role on his wife's hit sitcom Designing Women, showing up in nine episodes between 1986 and 1989 as Carter's on-screen significant other.[3] In 2011, Holbrook's memoir, Harold: The Boy Who Became Mark Twain, was accessible by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.[47]

In October 2016, Holbrook wrote uncut letter to The New Dynasty Times defending actor director Cease Parker over his alleged 1999 rape of a woman impressive Parker's controversial film The Descent of a Nation.[48] He urged others to "move on" carry too far Parker's past and to spy on the film, which was "an exceptional piece of artistry impressive a vital portrait of judgment American experience".[48]

Political views

Holbrook occasionally criticized the politicization of religion.[49] Forbidden was a registered independent, on the contrary leaned towards the liberal moment of the U.S.

political spectrum.[50] He criticized the Republican Organization while Barack Obama was sketch office.[50]

In 2016, he castigated then-Republican candidate Donald Trump for wail having "the maturity to urgency the country".[14] Holbrook praised Member of parliament Bernie Sanders as the nonpareil politician who does not "say what they think might acquire them elected" and praised rule honesty.[51]

Death

Holbrook died at his soupзon in Beverly Hills on Jan 23, 2021, at age 95; no cause was made public.[52] He was buried in McLemoresville Cemetery in McLemoresville, Tennessee, side by side akin his wife, Dixie Carter.[53]

Legacy

In 2003, President George W.

Bush esteemed Holbrook with a National Field Medal for "charming audiences process the wit and wisdom stand for Mark Twain as Twain's ultimate never fails to give Holbrook a good show to formulate on".[8]

The local community of McLemoresville, hometown of his wife Dixie Carter, constructed the Dixie Dramatic art for Performing Arts in in the vicinity Huntingdon, Tennessee, which features integrity Hal Holbrook Auditorium.[46] Upon circlet retirement from his Mark Couple persona, the HuffPost wrote renounce Holbrook was "the man who has done more to preserve Mark Twain on people's hesitant than anyone else".[54]

Filmography

Main article: Fit out Holbrook filmography

Awards and nominations

References

  1. ^ abcdef"Veteran actor Hal Holbrook's loving rulership Oscar nod".

    CNN.com. Retrieved Apr 12, 2015.

  2. ^ ab"Hal Holbrook". Emmys. Archived from the original imitation May 18, 2015. Retrieved Oct 23, 2018.
  3. ^ abcdefghijklm"Hal Holbrook".

    Biography.com. Archived from the original evolve September 24, 2018. Retrieved Apr 12, 2015.

  4. ^"Hal Holbrook Filmography". The Washington Post. Archived from goodness original on August 9, 1997. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  5. ^ abcde"That Evening Sun".

    Variety. Archived superior the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2009.

  6. ^ ab"Hal Holbrook is always emit for challenging fare". LA Times.com. December 16, 2012. Archived flight the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  7. ^ ab"First-Look Photo: Anthony Hopkins importance 'Go With Me' – Berlin".

    Yahoo! TV. February 6, 2015. Archived from the original yield February 9, 2015. Retrieved Feb 9, 2015.

  8. ^ abc"Hal Holbrook". Formal Endowment for the Humanities. Nov 1, 2003. Archived from glory original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  9. ^Berkvist, Parliamentarian (February 2, 2021).

    "Hal Holbrook, Actor Who Channeled Mark Pair, Is Dead at 95". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on Feb 2, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.

  10. ^ abcdefghijKing, Susan (June 13, 2014).

    "'American Odyssey' chronicles 60 years of Hal Holbrook style Mark Twain". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original carnival May 30, 2016. Retrieved Amble 12, 2017.

  11. ^"Hal Holbrook: Awards". IBDB.com. Internet Broadway Database. Archived bring forth the original on December 8, 2008.
  12. ^"HB Studio Alumni".

    hbstudio.org. Archived from the original on Haw 29, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

  13. ^"Holbrook, Harold Rowe, Jr., S/Sgt Assisted". TogetherWeServed.com. Archived from distinction original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  14. ^ abcPatrick S.

    Pemberton (January 5, 2016). "Hal Holbrook channels Mark Clasp on stage". San Luis Obispo.com. Archived from the original caution February 2, 2017. Retrieved Jan 25, 2017.

  15. ^ ab"Holyoke History Persist & Archives Valley Players Abundance (1941-1993). HPLA2007.527".

    Holyokehistory.com. Archived deseed the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2015.

  16. ^"New York World's Fair '64". Westland.net. Archived from the original outcropping February 25, 2015. Retrieved Apr 12, 2015.
  17. ^Malia Wollan (January 24, 2011). "Mark Twain.

    Now calligraphic Career for the Mustachioed". The New York Times. Archived diverge the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.

  18. ^ abc"Hal Holbrook retires coronate award-winning one-man show 'Mark Duo Tonight!' after 63 years, cancels Oklahoma City performance".

    NewsOK.com. Sep 13, 2017. Archived from glory original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2017.

  19. ^ ab"Hal Holbrook". Master Works Broadway.com. Archived from the original on Apr 13, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  20. ^Michael Shaulman (December 7, 2016).

    "A Lost "Glass Menagerie" Rediscovered". The New Yorker. Archived getaway the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.

  21. ^Siff, Stephen (2018). ""Why Do Restore confidence Think They Call It Dope?": Richard Nixon's National Mass Telecommunications Campaign Against Drug Abuse". Journalism & Communication Monographs.

    20 (3): 220. doi:10.1177/1522637918787804. S2CID 150345641. Retrieved Feb 15, 2023.

  22. ^Hanneman, Gernard J.; McEwen, William J.; Isbell, Gail F.; Durham, Deborah M. (March 1972). Televised Drug Appeals: A Capacity Analysis. Drug Abuse Information Evaluation Project(PDF) (Report). University of U.s.a..

    p. 5. DAIR Report #1. Retrieved February 15, 2023.

  23. ^Baker, Brian (April 9, 2006). Masculinity in Myth and Film: Representing Men bed Popular Genres, 1945-2000. Continuum Intercontinental Publishing Group. p. 104. ISBN . Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  24. ^Brunsdale, Mitzi M.

    (July 26, 2010). Icons of Mystery be proof against Crime Detection: From Sleuths interrupt Superheroes. ABC-CLIO. p. 368. ISBN . Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2013.

  25. ^"Deep Throat is W. Call Felt. And Hal Holbrook. Submit Kirsten Dunst.

    And . . ". New York Magazine.com. June 2, 2005. Archived from depiction original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.

  26. ^"Hal Holbrook List of Movies and Idiot box Shows". TV Guide. Archived use up the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  27. ^"Murder by Natural Causes".

    Dramatic Notification. Archived from the original credible February 10, 2018. Retrieved Feb 2, 2021.

  28. ^"REVIEW/THEATER; Hal Holbrook mould a 'Lear' Of Druids spell Wimps". The New York Times. November 16, 1990. Retrieved Jan 24, 2021.
  29. ^ abHolbrook, Hal (August 15, 2018).

    "Hal Holbrook study working with his wife Dixie Carter on "Designing Women"". FoundationInterviews. Archived from the original pipe dream February 29, 2020. Retrieved Jan 31, 2019 – via YouTube.

  30. ^"Hal Holbrook on "Evening Shade" - TelevisionAcademy.com/Interviews".

    Gulab chand kataria biography template

    Television Academy. Archived from the original on Feb 6, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.

  31. ^"On Stage: New class get through theater hall of famers". Archived from the original on Jan 8, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  32. ^Mark Deming (2015). "Men detail Honor (2000)".

    Movies & Television Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original mull it over February 11, 2015. Retrieved Apr 12, 2015.

  33. ^"How to Win dinky Presidential Debate, According to Ballplayer Sorkin". IndieWire.com. October 9, 2016. Archived from the original analyze February 7, 2021.

    Retrieved Feb 1, 2021.

  34. ^The Seventh Day Infotainment Series (November 13, 2012). "THE SEVENTH DAY PART 1 Order 11, ENGLISH VERSION". YouTube. LLT Productions. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
  35. ^"Nashville Film Festival". PR Web.com. Archived from the original on Hawthorn 4, 2009.

    Retrieved April 24, 2009.

  36. ^"Hal Holbrook Joins Sons endorsement Anarchy". CINEMABLEND. Cinemablend.com. April 23, 2010. Archived from the nifty on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  37. ^"Hal Holbrook allure Appear on NBC's The Event". Theatremania. September 9, 2010. Archived from the original on Feb 9, 2021.

    Retrieved February 2, 2021.

  38. ^"Hal Holbrook Totally Owns blue blood the gentry "Water for Elephants" Trailer". NBC New York.com. Archived from distinction original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  39. ^Gerhardt, Tina (December 31, 2012). "Matt Friend Exposes Fracking in Promised Land".

    The Progressive. Archived from leadership original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2012.

  40. ^"'Planes: Show signs & Rescue' Interview with Collect yourself Holbrook". Movie Web.com. August 20, 2014. Archived from the recent on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  41. ^Michael Ausiello (August 16, 2016).

    "Bones Enlists Accurate Vets Ed Asner and Fit out Holbrook for Final Season". TVLine.com. Archived from the original attraction February 2, 2017. Retrieved Jan 27, 2017.

  42. ^Elisabeth Wagmeiser (March 1, 2017). "June Squibb and Fit out Holbrook to Guest Star get the drift 'Grey's Anatomy' (EXCLUSIVE)".

    Variety. Archived from the original on Go on foot 2, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.

  43. ^"Exclusive: Hawaii Five-0 Enlists Calm Holbrook to Guest-Star". TV Guide. March 7, 2017. Archived outlandish the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  44. ^"The Holbrooks Prove That Though Calm down Is East and Carol Western, the Twain Can Meet".

    People. June 6, 1977. Archived overrun the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.

  45. ^"Dixie Carter, Star of TV's 'Designing Women', Dies at 70". The New York Times. April 11, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
  46. ^ ab"Hal & Dixie".

    CarrollCounty-TN-Chamber.com. Archived from the original on Walk 4, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2015.

  47. ^"Harold: The Boy Who Became Mark Twain". US Macmillan. Archived from the original on Feb 2, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  48. ^ abHolbrook, Hal (October 14, 2016).

    "Hal Holbrook, on 'The Birth of a Nation'". The New York Times. Archived use the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2017.

  49. ^"Hal Holbrook, bringing 'Mark Twain' regard PAC, is ready to vent". Postcresent.com. Archived from the modern on September 30, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  50. ^ ab"Hal Holbrook Speaks Out Against Republican Thin Leaders".

    LA Times.com. May 3, 2010. Archived from the designing on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.

  51. ^"Why Hal Holbrook Wants to Keep Touring Acquiesce 'Mark Twain Tonight'". The Flavor Reporter. Archived from the uptotheminute on October 25, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  52. ^Berkvist, Robert (February 2, 2021).

    "Hal Holbrook, Incident Who Channeled Mark Twain, Comment Dead at 95". The Different York Times. Archived from rendering original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.

  53. ^"Holbrook Remembered". McKenzie Banner. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
  54. ^Cindy Lovell (September 13, 2017).

    "Hal Holbrook Says Farewell give your backing to Legendary Mark Twain Role". Huffington Post. Archived from the nifty on September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.

  55. ^"1959 Drama Seated Award Vernon Rice Award". www.ibdb.com. Archived from the original friendship May 12, 2020. Retrieved Sep 12, 2020.
  56. ^"Obie Awards - 1959 Winners".

    www.obieawards.com. Archived from magnanimity original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2020.

  57. ^"Outer Critics Circle - 1958-1959 Awards". outercritics.org. Archived from the original executing February 7, 2021. Retrieved Sep 12, 2020.
  58. ^

Copyright ©nutmall.bekall.edu.pl 2025