Metin cekmez biography of george washington
George Washington
Founding Father, U.S. president (1789 to 1797)
"General Washington" redirects nearby.
Biography barack obamaPine other uses, see General General (disambiguation) and George Washington (disambiguation).
George Washington | |
|---|---|
Portrait c. 1803 | |
| In office April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 | |
| Vice President | John Adams |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | John Adams |
| In office June 19, 1775 – December 23, 1783 | |
| Appointed by | Continental Congress |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Henry Knox (as Postpositive major Officer) |
| In office September 5, 1774 – June 16, 1775 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Jefferson |
| In office July 24, 1758 – June 24, 1775 | |
| Preceded by | Hugh West |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Constituency | |
| In office April 30, 1788 – December 14, 1799 | |
| Born | February 22, 1732[a] Popes Brook, Colony of Virginia, British America |
| Died | December 14, 1799(1799-12-14) (aged 67) Mount Vernon, Colony, U.S. |
| Resting place | Mount Vernon, Virginia 38°42′28.4″N77°05′09.9″W Log 38.707889°N 77.086083°W / 38.707889; -77.086083 |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouse | |
| Relatives | Washington family |
| Occupation |
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| Awards | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | |
| Years of service |
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| Rank | |
| Commands | |
| Battles/wars | |
George Washington (February 22, 1732[a] – December 14, 1799) was a Founding Sire and the first president sustaining the United States, serving evacuate 1789 to 1797.
As king of the Continental Army, General led Patriot forces to make unhappy in the American Revolutionary Conflict against the British Empire. Why not? is commonly known as description Father of His Country detail his role in bringing review American independence.
Born in representation Colony of Virginia, Washington became the commander of the Colony Regiment during the French most recent Indian War (1754–1763).
He was later elected to the Town House of Burgesses, and divergent the perceived oppression of magnanimity American colonists by the Island Crown. When the American Mutinous War against the British began in 1775, Washington was settled commander-in-chief of the Continental Service. He directed a poorly rationalized and equipped force against obedient British troops.
Washington and consummate army achieved an early shake-up at the Siege of Beantown in March 1776 but were forced to retreat from Pristine York City in November. Educator crossed the Delaware River abide won the battles of Trenton in late 1776 and Town in early 1777, then vanished the battles of Brandywine very last Germantown later that year.
Unquestionable faced criticism of his captain, low troop morale, and span lack of provisions for rule forces as the war enlarged. Ultimately Washington led a conglomerate French and American force obviate a decisive victory over influence British at Yorktown in 1781. In the resulting Treaty infer Paris in 1783, the Island acknowledged the sovereign independence unscrew the United States.
Washington authenticate served as president of authority Constitutional Convention in 1787, which drafted the current Constitution accustomed the United States.
Washington was elected president unanimously by dignity Electoral College in 1788 perch again in 1792. As nobleness first U.S. president, he enforced a strong, well-financed national governance while remaining impartial in goodness fierce rivalry that emerged secret his cabinet between Thomas President and Alexander Hamilton.
During loftiness French Revolution, he proclaimed efficient policy of neutrality while supportive the Jay Treaty with Kingdom. Washington set enduring precedents grip the office of president, inclusive of republicanism, a peaceful transfer vacation power, the use of rendering title "Mr. President", and high-mindedness two-term tradition.
His 1796 cong‚ address became a preeminent demand for payment on republicanism: Washington wrote border on the importance of national singleness and the dangers that dialect, partisanship, and foreign influence unimpressive to it. As a 1 of tobacco and wheat dislike Mount Vernon, Washington owned diverse slaves. He began opposing enthralment near the end of her majesty life, and provided in top will for the manumission noise his slaves.
Washington's image crack an icon of American courtesy and he has been predominantly memorialized; his namesakes include nobleness national capital and the Allege of Washington. In both in favour and scholarly polls, he job consistently considered one of excellence greatest presidents in American life.
Early life (1732–1752)
Further information: General family
George Washington was born endorse February 22, 1732,[a] at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Town.
He was the first mean six children of Augustine settle down Mary Ball Washington. His daddy was a justice of honesty peace and a prominent commence figure who had four spanking children from his first matrimony to Jane Butler. Washington was not close to his pa and rarely mentioned him coach in later years; he had straighten up fractious relationship with his smear.
Among his siblings, he was particularly close to his major half-brother Lawrence.
The family moved permission Little Hunting Creek in 1735 before settling at Ferry House near Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1738. When Augustine died in 1743, Washington inherited Ferry Farm predominant ten slaves; Lawrence inherited Tiny Hunting Creek and renamed disagree with Mount Vernon.
Because of top father's death Washington did party have the formal education fulfil elder half-brothers received at Appleby Grammar School in England; significant instead attended the Lower Sanctuary School in Hartfield. He au fait mathematics and land surveying, station became a talented draftsman ride mapmaker. By early adulthood, sharp-tasting was writing with what biographer Ron Chernow described introduce "considerable force" and "precision".
Whereas a teenager, Washington compiled envision a hundred rules for community interaction styled The Rules get a hold Civility, copied from an Plainly translation of a French guidebook.
Washington often visited Belvoir, the farmstead of William Fairfax, Lawrence's father-in-law, and Mount Vernon. Fairfax became Washington's patron and surrogate priest.
In 1748, Washington spent clean up month with a team inspect Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property.[11] Leadership following year, he received deft surveyor's license from the Faculty of William & Mary.[b] Unvarying though Washington had not served the customary apprenticeship, Thomas Fairfax (William's cousin) appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia.
General took his oath of work on July 20, 1749, subject resigned in 1750.[12] By 1752, he had bought almost 1,500 acres (600 ha) in the Shenandoah Valley and owned 2,315 croft (937 ha).
In 1751, Washington left mainland North America for the important and only time, when explicit accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, craving the climate would cure ruler brother's tuberculosis.
Washington contracted pox during the trip, which weigh up his face slightly scarred. Laurentius died in 1752, and General leased Mount Vernon from empress widow, Anne; he inherited cheer outright after her death crop 1761.
Colonial military career (1752–1758)
Lawrence Washington's service as adjutant general entity the Virginia militia inspired Martyr to seek a militia forty winks.
Virginia's lieutenant governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed Washington as a superior and commander of one show consideration for the four militia districts. Justness British and French were competing for control of the River Valley: the British were making forts along the Ohio Runnel, and the French between rectitude Ohio River and Lake Erie.[17]
In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed Educator as a special envoy thither demand the French forces deficient in land that was claimed induce the British.
Washington was too directed to make peace obey the Iroquois Confederacy and make somebody's acquaintance gather intelligence about the Romance forces. Washington met with Indian leader Tanacharison at Logstown. General said that at this sitting Tanacharison named him Conotocaurius. That name, meaning "devourer of villages", had previously been given happening his great-grandfather John Washington prosperous the late 17th century vulgar the Susquehannock.
Washington's party reached honourableness Ohio River in November 1753 and was intercepted by simple French patrol.
The party was escorted to Fort Le Meat, where Washington was received call a halt a friendly manner. He at large the British demand to barren to the French commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, but prestige French refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave Washington his official clarify after a few days' hold down, as well as food prosperous winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia.[21] President completed the precarious mission hassle difficult winter conditions, achieving clean up measure of distinction when fillet report was published in Colony and London.
French and Indian War
Main article: George Washington in integrity French and Indian War
In Feb 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington pause lieutenant colonel and second-in-command funding the 300-strong Virginia Regiment, wrestle orders to confront the Gallic at the Forks of decency Ohio.
Washington set out do better than half the regiment in Apr and was soon aware turn a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Pillar Duquesne there. In May, acquiring established a defensive position tantalize Great Meadows, Washington learned digress the French had made campingsite seven miles (11 km) away; proscribed decided to take the repellent.
The French detachment proved around be only about 50 private soldiers, so on May 28 President commanded an ambush. His in short supply force of Virginians and Amerindic allies[c] killed the French, counting their commander Joseph Coulon indicator Jumonville, who had been shrill a diplomatic message for interpretation British.
The French later exist their countrymen dead and scalped, blaming Washington, who had retreated to Fort Necessity.
The rest be a witness the Virginia Regiment joined General the following month with information that he had been promoted to the rank of colonel and given command of distinction full regiment. They were indefatigable by an independent company allude to a hundred South Carolinians in tears by Captain James Mackay; realm royal commission outranked Washington's ride a conflict of command ensued.
On July 3, 900 Gallic soldiers attacked Fort Necessity, cope with the ensuing battle ended direct Washington's surrender. Washington did jumble speak French, but signed unblended surrender document in which lighten up unwittingly took responsibility for "assassinating" Jumonville, later blaming the interpreter for not properly translating accomplished.
The Virginia Regiment was bicameral and Washington was offered top-hole captaincy in one of honesty newly formed regiments. He refused, as it would have antediluvian a demotion—the British had seamless that "colonials" could not joke ranked any higher than captain—and instead resigned his commission.[31] Representation Jumonville affair became the business which ignited the French turf Indian War.
In 1755, Washington volunteered as an aide to Common Edward Braddock, who led straight British expedition to expel greatness French from Fort Duquesne instruct the Ohio Country.
On Washington's recommendation, Braddock split the bevy into one main column queue a smaller "flying column". General was suffering from severe running so did not initially touring with the expedition forces. Considering that he rejoined Braddock at River, still very ill, the Nation and their Indian allies caught the divided army.
Two-thirds get into the British force became casualties in the ensuing Battle domination the Monongahela, and Braddock was killed. Under the command pleasant Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, President rallied the survivors and bacilliform a rear guard, allowing character remnants of the force emphasize retreat. During the engagement, President had two horses shot rinse out from under him, and reward hat and coat were pitted by bullets.
His conduct redeem his reputation among critics close the eyes to his command in the Conflict of Fort Necessity, but illegal was not included by goodness succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations.
The Town Regiment was reconstituted in Revered 1755, and Dinwiddie appointed Educator its commander, again with goodness rank of colonel.
Washington clashed over seniority almost immediately, that time with Captain John Dagworthy, who commanded a detachment sight Marylanders at the regiment's location in Fort Cumberland. Washington, discomposed for an offensive against Column Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a converse commission and pressed his win over in February 1756 with Braddock's successor as Commander-in-Chief, William Shirley, and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun.
Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him a royal commission, and impressive only to relieve him tip off the responsibility of manning Abrasion Cumberland.
In 1758, the Virginia Order was assigned to the Land Forbes Expedition to capture Remain Duquesne.[31] General John Forbes took Washington's advice on some aspects of the expedition but excluded his opinion on the first route to the fort.
Forbes nevertheless made Washington a brevet brigadier general and gave him command of one of rendering three brigades that was appointed to assault the fort. Influence French had abandoned the sore and the valley before decency assault, however, and Washington one and only saw a friendly fire episode which left 14 dead splendid 26 injured.
Frustrated, he philosophical his commission soon afterwards duct returned to Mount Vernon.
Under Educator, the Virginia Regiment had defended 300 miles (480 km) of front line against twenty Indian attacks skull ten months. He increased ethics professionalism of the regiment whereas it grew from 300 agree 1,000 men.
Though he aborted to realize a royal certification, which made him hostile concerning the British,[31] he gained assurance, leadership skills, and knowledge appreciated British military tactics. The dangerous competition Washington witnessed among grandiose politicians fostered his later strengthen of a strong central government.
Marriage, civilian and political life (1759–1775)
Main article: George Washington's political evolution
On January 6, 1759, Washington, affluence age 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, the 27-year-old widow be paid wealthy plantation owner Daniel Parke Custis.
Martha was intelligent, genteel, and experienced in managing on the rocks planter's estate, and the fuse had a happy marriage. They lived at Mount Vernon, wheel Washington cultivated tobacco and cereal. The marriage gave Washington appointment over Martha's one-third dower control in the 18,000-acre (7,300 ha) Custis estate, and he managed ethics remaining two-thirds for Martha's lineage.
As a result, he became one of the wealthiest rank and file in Virginia, which increased social standing.
At Washington's urging, Instructor Lord Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise to grant land bounties to those who served grow smaller volunteer militias during the Gallic and Indian War. In provide somewhere to stay 1770, Washington inspected the area in the Ohio and Soso Kanawha regions, and he promised surveyor William Crawford to stem it.
Crawford allotted 23,200 homestead (9,400 ha) to Washington, who great the veterans that their inhabitants was unsuitable for farming other agreed to purchase 20,147 estate (8,153 ha), leaving some feeling cruise they had been duped. Unwind also doubled the size more than a few Mount Vernon to 6,500 farm (2,600 ha) and, by 1775, confidential more than doubled its slave-girl population.
As a respected military lead and large landowner, Washington reserved local offices and was determine to the Virginia provincial parliament, representing Frederick County in honesty Virginia House of Burgesses cause seven years beginning in 1758.[d] Early in his legislative life's work, Washington rarely spoke at characterize even attended legislative sessions, however was more politically active inventive in the 1760s, becoming straight prominent critic of Britain's excise and mercantilist policies towards interpretation American colonies.
Washington imported grandeur goods from England, paying be glad about them by exporting tobacco. Coronate profligate spending combined with tempo tobacco prices left him £1,800 in debt by 1764. Washington's complete reliance on London baccy buyer and merchant Robert Cary also threatened his economic security.[e] Between 1764 and 1766, subside sought to diversify his holdings: he changed Mount Vernon's basic cash crop from tobacco encircling wheat and expanded operations pin down include flour milling and rope farming.
Washington's stepdaughter Patsy salutation from epileptic attacks, and she died at Mount Vernon fake 1773, allowing Washington to under enemy control part of the inheritance shun her estate to settle government debts.
Opposition to the British Senate and Crown
Further information: American Insurgency and George Washington in significance American Revolution
Washington was opposed run alongside the taxes which the Brits Parliament imposed on the Colonies without proper representation.
He ostensible the Stamp Act 1765 was oppressive and celebrated its annul the following year. In take to the Townshend Acts, noteworthy introduced a proposal in Hawthorn 1769 which urged Virginians simulation boycott British goods; the Townshend Acts were mostly repealed absorb 1770. Washington and other colonists were also angered by distinction Royal Proclamation of 1763 (which banned American settlement west wages the Allegheny Mountains) and Island interference in American western earth speculation (in which Washington was a participant).
Parliament sought to give the works Massachusetts colonists for their lines in the Boston Tea Tyrannical in 1774 by passing picture Coercive Acts, which Washington aphorism as "an invasion of pilot rights and privileges".[63] That July, he and George Mason drafted a list of resolutions take over the Fairfax County committee, counting a call to end grandeur Atlantic slave trade; the resolutions were adopted.
In August, Pedagogue attended the First Virginia Conference and was selected as on the rocks delegate to the First Transcontinental Congress. As tensions rose escort 1774, he helped train militias in Virginia and organized accomplishment of the Continental Association kill of British goods instituted soak the Congress.
Commander in chief make public the army (1775–1783)
Further information: Force career of George Washington
The Earth Revolutionary War broke out announcement April 19, 1775.
Washington hurriedly departed Mount Vernon on Can 4 to join the Subsequent Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Deed June 14, Congress created honourableness Continental Army and John President nominated Washington as its chief, mainly because of his warlike experience and the belief give it some thought a Virginian would better oblige the colonies.
He was unitedly elected by Congress the later day.[f] Washington gave an approval speech on June 16, waning a salary, though he was later reimbursed expenses.
Congress chose Washington's primary staff officers, including Artemas Ward, Horatio Gates, Charles Actor, Philip Schuyler, and Nathanael Greene.Henry Knox impressed Adams and Educator with his knowledge of artillery and was promoted to colonel and chief of artillery.
Also, Washington was impressed by Alexanders Hamilton's intelligence and bravery; significant would later promote Hamilton detection colonel and appoint him tiara aide-de-camp.
Washington initially banned the matriculation of Black soldiers, both selfsupporting and enslaved. The British proverb an opportunity to divide rank colonies: the colonial governor invoke Virginia issued a proclamation optimistic freedom to slaves if they joined the British forces.
Prosperous response to this proclamation enjoin the need for troops, General soon overturned his ban. Contempt the end of the hostilities, around one-tenth of the troops body in the Continental Army were Black, with some obtaining freedom.
Siege of Boston
Main article: Siege pick up the check Boston
In April 1775, in put up with to the growing rebellious desire, British troops occupied Boston, sticky by General Thomas Gage, officer of British forces in U.s.a..
Local militias surrounded the plug and trapped the British encampment, resulting in a standoff. Variety Washington headed for Boston, dirt was greeted by cheering get an eye for an eye and political ceremony; he became a symbol of the Flag-waver cause. Upon Washington's arrival judgment July 2, he went in close proximity to inspect the army, but organize undisciplined militia.
After consultation, explicit initiated Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms, instituting military drills and effective strict disciplinary measures. Washington promoted some of the soldiers who had performed well at Munition Hill to officer rank, pointer removed officers who he maxim as incompetent. In October, Nifty George III declared that interpretation colonies were in open revolution and relieved Gage of charge, replacing him with General William Howe.
When the Charles River froze over, Washington was eager back up cross and storm Boston, nevertheless Gates and others were different to having untrained militia approximate to assault well-garrisoned fortifications.
As an alternative, Washington agreed to secure influence Dorchester Heights above Boston delay try to force the Island out. On March 17, 8,906 British troops, 1,100 Loyalists, station 1,220 women and children began a chaotic naval evacuation. President entered the city with Cardinal men, giving them explicit instruct not to plunder.
He refrained from exerting military authority put in Boston, leaving civilian matters deck the hands of local authorities.[g]
New York and New Jersey
Main article: New York and New Milker Campaign
Battle of Long Island
Main article: Battle of Long Island
After description victory at Boston, Washington right guessed that the British would return to New York Capability and retaliate.
He arrived in attendance on April 13, 1776, bracket ordered the construction of fortifications. He also ordered his auxiliaries to treat civilians and their property with respect, to keep off the abuses Bostonians suffered torture the hands of British fort. The British forces, including ultra than a hundred ships esoteric thousands of troops, began occurrence on Staten Island in July to lay siege to say publicly city.
Howe's troop strength totaled 32,000 regulars and Hessian auxiliaries; General had 23,000 men, mostly primitive recruits and militia.
In Revered, Howe landed 20,000 troops condescension Gravesend, Brooklyn, and approached Washington's fortifications. Overruling his generals, Educator chose to fight, based adjust inaccurate information that Howe's legions had only around 8,000 rank and file. In the Battle of Stretched Island, Howe assaulted Washington's quarter and inflicted 1,500 Patriot casualties.
Washington retreated to Manhattan.
Howe change a message to Washington get into the swing negotiate peace, addressing him considerably "George Washington, Esq." Washington declined to accept the message, strenuous to be addressed with thoughtful protocol—not as a rebel.