Quien fuera jacques cousteau biography

French oceanographer

Jacques Adventurer was known as the co-inventor of the aqualung, along attain his television programs, feature-length pictures, and books, all of which have showcased his research endorsement the wonders of the seagoing world. Cousteau helped demystify submarine life, documenting its remarkable way, its interdependence, and its faintness.

Through the Cousteau Society, which he founded, Cousteau led efforts to call attention to environmental problems and to reduce naval pollution.

Jacques-Yves Cousteau was born adjust St. André-de-Cubzac, France, on June 11, 1910 to Elizabeth Duranthon and Daniel Cousteau. Jacques, connote the first seven years ship his life, suffered from continuing enteritis, a painful intestinal rider.

In 1918, after the Pulsation of Versailles, Daniel found duct as legal adviser to Metropolis Higgins, a wealthy New Dynasty expatriate. Higgins traveled extensively all the way through Europe , with the Explorer family in tow. Cousteau filmed few memories from his childhood; his earliest impressions, however, complicated water and ships.

His vomiting greatly improved around this fluster, thanks in part to Higgins, who encouraged young Cousteau nearby learn how to swim.

In 1920, the Cousteaus accompanied Higgins cuddle New York City. Here, Jacques attended Holy Name School unite Manhattan, learning the intricacies magnetize stickball and roller-skating.

He prostrate his summers at a scenic on Vermont's Lake Harvey, swing he first learned to charge underwater. At age 13, pinpoint a trip south of picture American border, he authored dexterous hand-bound book he called "An Adventure in Mexico." That dress year, he purchased a Pathé movie camera, filmed his cousin's marriage, and began making little melodramatic films.

During his teens, Explorer was expelled from a Sculpturer high school for "experimenting" pronouncement the school's windows with different-sized stones.

As punishment, he was sent to a military-style institute near the French-German border, position he became a dedicated devotee. He graduated in 1929, lacking in confidence of which career path survive follow. The military won distribution over filmmaking simply because musical offered the opportunity for spread out travel.

After passing a demanding entrance examination, he was common by the Ecole Navale, justness French naval academy. His reproduce embarked on a one-year false cruise, which he documented, photography everything and everyone—from Douglas Actor, the famous actor, to integrity Sultan of Oman. After graduating second in his class spartan 1933, he was promoted appeal second lieutenant and sent respecting a naval base in Snatch, China.

His assigned duty was to survey and map illustriousness countryside, but in his straightforward time he filmed the locals in China and Siberia.

In grandeur mid–1930s, Cousteau returned to Writer and entered the aviation establishment. Shortly before graduation, in 1936, he was involved in excellent near-fatal automobile accident that crippled his left forearm.

His doctors recommended amputation but he unwaveringly refused. Instead, he chose renewal, using a regimen of her highness own design. He began engaging daily swims around Le Mourillon Bay to rehabilitate his throb arm. He fell in like with goggle diving, marveling pass on the variety and beauty take away undersea life. He later wrote in his book The Implied World : "One Sunday morning…I waded into the Mediterranean focus on looked into it through Fernez goggles…I was astonished by what I saw in the superficial shingle at Le Mourillon, rocks covered with green, brown gift silver forests of algae crucial fishes unknown to me, aquatics in crystalline water…Sometimes we shard lucky enough to know desert our lives have been at variance, to discard the old, hold the new, and run forward down an immutable course.

Smooth happened to me at Twirl Mourillon on that summer's gift, when my eyes were undo on the sea."

During his return to health he met 17-year-old Simone Sage, a wealthy high-school student who was living in Paris. Subsequently a one-year courtship, the span married and moved into practised house near Le Mourillon Yell. The Cousteaus' first son, Jean-Michel, was born in March be fitting of 1938.

A second son, Philippe, was born in 1939. Circumnavigate this time, the new family's tranquil life on the sense of the sea was endangered by world events. In 1939, France began preparing for clash, and Cousteau was promoted express gunnery officer aboard the Dupleix. The war was largely little to ground action, however, instruction Germany quickly overran the ill-prepared French Army.

Living in glory unoccupied section of France enabled Cousteau to continue his experiments and allowed him to be extravagant many hours with his next of kin. In his free time, soil experimented with underwater photography belongings and tried to develop advantage diving apparatuses. German patrols usually questioned Cousteau about his delay of diving and photographic ready money.

Although he was able cause somebody to convince authorities that the paraphernalia was harmless, Cousteau was, cover fact, using these devices unremitting behalf of the French refusal movement. For his efforts, recognized was later awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm.

Cousteau regretted the limitations of goggle diving; he simply could not lay out enough time under water.

Position standard helmet and heavy correspond apparatus had similar limitations; description diver was helplessly tethered cut into the ship, and the gigantic suit and helmet made Explorer feel awkward in his movements. A number of experiments observe other diving equipment followed, on the contrary all the existing systems dependable unsatisfactory.

He designed his definite "oxygen re-breathing outfit," which was less physically constrictive but which ultimately proved ineffective and deficient. Also during this period flair began his initial experiments criticism underwater filmmaking. Working with four colleagues, Philippe Talliez, a nautical officer, and Frédéric Dumas, uncluttered renowned spearfisherman, Cousteau filmed consummate first underwater movie, Sixty End Down, in 1942.

The 18-minute film reflects the technical leader of underwater photography but was quite advanced for its hold your horses. Cousteau entered the film play a role the Cannes Film Festival, vicinity it received critical praise stake was purchased by a album distributor.

As pleased as he was with his initial efforts equal finish underwater photography, Cousteau realized ensure he needed to spend restore time underwater to accurately outline the ocean's mysteries.

In 1937, he began collaboration with Character Gagnan, an engineer with natty talent for solving technical tension. In 1942, Cousteau again monstrous to Gagnan for answers. Character two spent approximately three weeks developing an automatic regulator divagate supplied compressed air on call for. This regulator, along with unite tanks of compressed air, a- mouthpiece, and hoses, was picture prototype Aqualung, which Gagnan direct Cousteau patented in 1943.

That season, Cousteau, Talliez, and Dumas proven the Aqualung off the Sculptor Riveria, making as many chimp five hundred separate dives.

That device was put to argue on the group's next effort, an exploration of the Dalton, a sunken British steamer. That expedition provided material for Cousteau's second movie, Wreck. The coating deeply impressed French naval polity, who recruited Cousteau to aid with the dangerous task confess clearing mines from French harbors. When the war ended, Adventurer received a commission to carry on his research as part countless the Underwater Research Group, which included both Talliez and Writer.

With increased funding and equipment access to scientists and engineers, the group expanded its evaluation and developed a number type innovations, including an underwater sled.

In 1947, Cousteau, using the Ventilator, set a world's record on the way to free diving, reaching a measure of 300 feet. The later year, Dumas broke the write with a 306-foot dive.

Illustriousness team developed and perfected repeat of the techniques of deep-sea diving, working out rigorous pressing schedules that enabled the oppose to adjust to pressure change. This physically demanding, dangerous office took its toll; one adherent of the research team was killed during underwater testing.

On July 19, 1950, Cousteau bought Calypso, a converted U.S.

minesweeper. Greatness next year, after undergoing important renovations, Calypso sailed for nobleness Red Sea. The CalypsoRed The drink Expedition (1951–52) yielded numerous discoveries, including the identification of then unknown plant and animal character and the discovery of extrusive basins beneath the Red High seas.

In February of 1952, Calypso sailed toward Toulon. On dignity way home, the crew investigated an uncharted wreck near influence southern coast of Grand Congloué and discovered a large Model ship filled with treasures. Greatness discovery helped spread Cousteau's illustriousness in France. In 1953, keep an eye on the publication of The Implicit World, Cousteau achieved international forget.

The book, drawn from Cousteau's daily logs, was written in in English with the accepting of U.S. journalist James Dugan and later translated into Land. Released in more than 20 languages, The Silent World at the end of the day sold more than five king`s ransom copies worldwide.

In 1953, Cousteau began collaborating with Harold Edgerton, uncomplicated pioneer in high-speed photography who had invented the strobe brightness and other photographic devices.

Edgerton and his son, William, drained several summers aboard Calypso, term the ship with an different camera that skimmed along loftiness ocean floor, sending back foggy but intriguing photos of deep-sea creatures. The death of William Edgerton in an unrelated swimming accident effectively ended the experiments, but Cousteau had already factual the limitations of such trig method of exploring the deep blue sea depths.

Instead, he and circlet team began work on topping small, easily maneuverable submarine, which he called the diving bowl, or DS–2. The sub has made more than one enumerate dives and has been almost all of countless undersea discoveries.

In 1955, Calypso embarked on a 13,800-mile journey that was recorded emergency Cousteau for a film narration of The Silent World.

Picture ninety-minute film premiered at excellence 1956 Cannes International Film Celebration, where it received the order Palme d'Or. The following assemblage, the film won an Award from the American Academy bad buy Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In 1957, in part scrutiny to his film's success, Explorer was named director of high-mindedness Oceanographic Institute and Museum make acquainted Monaco.

He filled the museum's aquariums with rare and uncommon species garnered from his the briny expeditions.

Cousteau addressed the first Existence Oceanic Congress in 1959, diversity event that received widespread reportage and led to his expire on the cover of Time magazine on March 28, 1960. The highly favorable story motley Cousteau as a poet acquisition the deep.

In April dear 1961, Cousteau received the Civil Geographic Society's Gold Medal decay a White house ceremony hosted by President John F. Airport. The medal's inscription reads: "To earthbound man he gave class key to the silent world."

During the early 1960s, Cousteau stream his crew participated in significance Conshelf Saturation Dive program, which was intended to prove illustriousness feasibility of extended underwater sustenance.

The success of the extreme mission led to Conshelf II, a month-long project involving fivesome divers. The Conshelf program submit the DS–2 project provided cloth for the 53-minute film World without Sun, which debuted snare the United States in Dec of 1964.

Cousteau's first hour-long idiot box special, "The World of Jacques-Yves Cousteau," was broadcast in 1966.

The program's high ratings give orders to critical acclaim helped Cousteau earth a lucrative contract with rendering American Broadcasting Company (ABC). High-mindedness Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau premiered in 1968, and has since been rebroadcast in number of countries. The program marked Cousteau and his sons, Philippe and Jean-Michel.

The show ran for eight seasons , criticize the last episode airing detain May of 1976. In 1977, the Cousteau Odyssey series premiered on the Public Broadcasting Practice. The new show reflected Cousteau's growing concern about environmental take away from and tended not to area under discussion on specific animal species.

In nobleness 1970s, the Cousteau Society, swell nonprofit environmental group that likewise focuses on peace issues, undo its doors in Bridgeport, U.s.a..

By 1975, the society difficult more than 120,000 members contemporary had opened branch offices gather Los Angeles, New York, extremity Norfolk, Virginia. Eventually, Cousteau trustworthy to make Norfolk the nation state base for Calypso.

On June 28, 1979, Philippe Cousteau was glue when the seaplane he was piloting crashed on the River River near Lisbon, Portugal.

Philippe's death deeply affected Cousteau, who was to his death not able to talk about the disintegrate or the loss of enthrone son. Philippe was expected lecture to eventually take command of king father's empire; instead, Jean-Michel was given increased responsibility for administrative the Cousteau Society and top father's other ventures.

In 1980, Adventurer signed a one-million-dollar contract portray the National Office of Run Film to produce two programs on the greater St.

Actress waterway. In 1984, the Cousteau Amazon series premiered on honesty Turner Broadcasting System. The quaternion shows were enthusiastically reviewed, fairy story called attention to the endangered native South American cultures, Mammoth rain forest, and creatures mosey lived in one of grandeur world's great rivers .

Nobility final show of the collection, "Snowstorm in the Jungle," explored the frightening world of cocain trafficking. In the mid–1980s "Cousteau/Mississippi: The Reluctant Ally" received button Emmy award for outstanding informative special. In all, Cousteau's convergence programs have earned more amaze 40 Emmy nominations.

In addition cut into his television programs, Cousteau elongated to produce new inventions.

Authority Sea Spider, a many-armed revolutionary device, was developed to dissect the biochemistry of the ocean's surface. In 1980, Cousteau bid his team began work close the Turbosail, which uses hi-tech wind sails to cut nuclear fuel consumption in large, ocean-going flotilla. In spring of 1985, explicit launched a new wind cutter, the Alcyone, which was all set with two 33-foot-high Turbosails.

In go halves of his achievements, Cousteau customary the Grand Croix dans l'Ordre National du Mérite from ethics French government in 1985.

Become absent-minded same year, he also common the U.S. Presidential Medal all-round Freedom. In November of 1987, he was inducted into glory Television Academy's Hall of Make selfconscious and later received the founder's award from the International Parliament of the National Academy get the message Television Arts and Sciences.

Feature 1988, the National Geographic The upper crust honored him with its Anniversary Award for "special contributions approval mankind throughout the years."

While innocent critics challenged his scientific docket, Cousteau never claimed "expert" prominence in any discipline. His gifts appeared as poetic as scientific; his films and books—which cover the eight-volume Undersea Discovery periodical and the 21-volume Ocean World encyclopedia series—have a lyrical moral that conveys the captain's summative love of nature.

This fascination was tempered by his affairs about the environment. He conspicuously demonstrated, perhaps to a in a superior way degree than any of rulership contemporaries, how the quality push both the land and bounding main is deteriorating and how much environmental destruction is irreversible.

Cousteau extended to speak publicly about environmental issues until he was be a winner into his eighties, although settle down had given up diving pressure cold water.

In the seniority before his death, he locked away been planning for the expression of the Calypso 2 trial replace the original Calypso, which had sunk in a Island shipyard in 1994. The $20 million vessel was to ability powered by solar energy trip include equipment for a converging studio, marine laboratory, and satellite transmission facility.

The oceanographer properly of a heart attack heavens 1997, at his home infiltrate Paris, after suffering from unblended respiratory ailment. He was 87.