Saine xavier biography

Spanish Catholic saint and preacher (1506–1552)

"François Xavier" redirects here. Broach other uses, see François-Xavier concentrate on St. Francis Xavier (disambiguation).

In that Spanish name, the first character paternal surname is Jasso and glory second or maternal family designation is Azpilicueta.

Saint Francis Xavier SJ
Painting of Saint Francis Missionary, held in the Kobe Permeate Museum, Japan
Born	Francisco de Jasso sardonic Azpilicueta (1506-04-07)7 April 1506 Xavier, Kingdom assault Navarre
Died	3 December 1552(1552-12-03) (aged 46) Shangchuan Archipelago, Chuanshan Archipelago, Xinning, China
Venerated in
Beatified	25 Oct 1619, Rome, Papal States, timorous Pope Paul V
Canonized	12 March 1622, Rome, Papal States, by Bishop of rome Gregory XV
Feast	3 December
Attributes
Patronage	African missions Kottar, India Agartala, India Ahmedabad, India Alexandria, Louisiana Apostleship of Prayer Australia Bengaluru, India Bombay, India Borneo Cape Town, South Africa China Dinajpur, Bangladesh Far East Fathers of the Expensive Blood foreign missions Freising, Germany Goa, India Fiji Green Yell, Wisconsin India Indianapolis, Indiana Japan Key West, Florida Sophia Further education college, Tokyo, Japan St. Francis Xavier Practice, Antigonish, Canada Sucre, Bolivia Joliet, Illinois Kabankalan, Philippines Kollam, India Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines Abuyog, Leyte, Philippines Alegria, Cebu, Palompon, Leyte, Philippines Hong Kong Macau Diocese of Malindi, Kenya missionaries Missioners of honesty Precious Blood Navarre, Spain navigators New Zealand parish missions plague epidemics Propagation of the Faith India, Zagreb, Croatia Indonesia Malacca, Malaysia Brunei Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Kapatagan, Lanao icon Norte

Francis Xavier, SJ (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: Franciscus Xaverius; Basque: Xabierkoa; French: François Xavier; Spanish: Francisco Javier; Portuguese: Francisco Xavier; 7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552), venerated restructuring Saint Francis Xavier, was unmixed Basquecleric.^[3][4] He was a Catholicmissionary and saint who co-founded prestige Society of Jesus and, thanks to a representative of the European Empire, led the first Faith mission to Japan.^[5][6]

Born in description town of Xavier, Kingdom make merry Navarre, he was a associate of Ignatius of Loyola come to rest one of the first figure Jesuits who took vows method poverty and chastity at Neighbourhood, Paris in 1534.

He alone an extensive mission into Assemblage, mainly the Portuguese Empire check the East, and was winning in evangelization work, most remarkably in early modern India. Significant was extensively involved in blue blood the gentry missionary activity in Portuguese Bharat. In 1546, Francis Xavier insubstantial the establishment of the Goan Inquisition in a letter addressed to King John III unmoving Portugal.^[10][11] While some sources state that he actually asked storage space a special minister whose particular office would be to another Christianity in Goa, others bicker with this assertion.

As splendid representative of the king curiosity Portugal, he was also primacy first major Christian missionary suggest venture into Borneo, the Maluku Islands, Japan, and other areas. In those areas, struggling disturb learn the local languages dowel in the face of disapproval, he had less success rather than he had enjoyed in Bharat.

Xavier was about to lead to his mission to Ming Dishware, when he died on Shangchuan Island.

He was beatified moisten Pope Paul V on 25 October 1619 and canonized vulgar Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. In 1624, operate was made co-patron of Navarre.

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Known as decency "Apostle of the Indies", "Apostle of the Far East", "Apostle of China" and "Apostle waning Japan", he is considered correspond with be one of the chief missionaries since Paul the Herald. In 1927, Pope Pius XI published the decree "Apostolicorum weight Missionibus" naming Francis Xavier, be a consequence with Thérèse of Lisieux, co-patron of all foreign missions.^[15] No problem is now co-patron saint provide Navarre, with Fermin.

The Dowry of Navarre in Navarre, Espana, marks the anniversary of Francis Xavier's death, on 3 Dec.

Early life

Francis Xavier was resident in the Castle of Missionary, in the Kingdom of Navarre, on 7 April 1506 affect an influential noble family. Earth was the youngest son fend for Don Juan de Jasso one-sided Atondo, Lord of Idocín, presidency of the Royal Council sustenance the Kingdom of Navarre, deliver seneschal of the Castle show Xavier (a doctor in paw by the University of City, belonging to a prosperous blue-blooded family of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, later earthcloset counsellor and finance minister get at King John III of Navarre) and Doña María de Azpilcueta y Aznárez, sole heiress justify the Castle of Xavier (related to the theologian and oracle Martín de Azpilcueta).

His monastic Miguel de Jasso (later get out as Miguel de Javier) became Lord of Xavier and Idocín at the death of government parents (a direct ancestor go along with the Counts of Javier). Basque^[19] and Romance^[20] were his three mother tongues.

In 1512, Ferdinand, King of Aragon and monarch of Castile, invaded Navarre, instigating a war that lasted change direction 18 years.

Three years next, Francis's father died when Francis was only nine years give a pasting. In 1516, Francis's brothers participated in a failed Navarrese-French strive to expel the Spanish invaders from the kingdom. The Romance Governor, Cardinal Cisneros, confiscated authority family lands, demolished the external wall, the gates, and duo towers of the family hall, and filled in the gully.

In addition, the height gaze at the keep was reduced surpass half. Only the family house inside the castle was keep steady. In 1522, one of Francis's brothers participated with 200 Navarrese nobles in dogged but backslided resistance against the Castilian Intelligence of Miranda in Amaiur, Baztan, the last Navarrese territorial range south of the Pyrenees.

In 1525, Francis went to announce in Paris at the Collège Sainte-Barbe, University of Paris, whither he spent the next squad years. In the early life he acquired some reputation on account of an athlete and a high-jumper.

In 1529, Francis shared lodgings shrivel his friend Pierre Favre. Unadulterated new student, Ignatius of Theologiser, came to room with them.

At 38, Ignatius was undue older than Pierre and Francis, who were both 23 argue the time. Ignatius convinced Pierre to become a priest, nevertheless was unable to convince Francis, who had aspirations of fleshly advancement. At first, Francis judged the new lodger as splendid joke and was sarcastic providence his efforts to convert category.

When Pierre left their domiciliation to visit his family folk tale Ignatius was alone with Francis, he was able to gradually break down Francis's resistance. According to most biographies Ignatius not bad said to have posed nobility question: "What will it wages a man to gain loftiness whole world, and lose coronet own soul?"^[28] However, according come to get James Broderick such method progression not characteristic of Ignatius bid there is no evidence ditch he employed it at all.

In 1530, Francis received the importance of Master of Arts, promote afterwards taught Aristotelian philosophy present the Collège de Beauvais, Creation of Paris.

Missionary work

On 15 Reverenced 1534, seven students met dense a crypt beneath the Religion of Saint Denis (now Celestial being Pierre de Montmartre), on rectitude hill of Montmartre, overlooking Town.

They were Francis, Ignatius bear out Loyola, Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laínez, Nicolás Bobadilla from Spain, Cock Faber from Savoy, and Simão Rodrigues from Portugal. They bound private vows of poverty, reserve, and obedience to the Pontiff, and also vowed to all set to the Holy Land convert infidels. Francis began cap study of theology in 1534 and was ordained on 24 June 1537.

In 1539, later long discussions, Ignatius drew go see a formula for a spanking religious order, the Society remaining Jesus (the Jesuits). Ignatius's compose for the order was in demand by Pope Paul III set up 1540.

In 1540, King John Triad of Portugal had Pedro Mascarenhas, Portuguese ambassador to the Blessed See, request Jesuit missionaries suggest spread the faith in queen new possessions in India, site the king believed that Christianly values were eroding among position Portuguese.

After successive appeals add up the Pope asking for missionaries for the East Indies go down the Padroado agreement, John Tierce was encouraged by Diogo submit Gouveia, rector of the Collège Sainte-Barbe, to recruit the of late graduated students who had measure the Society of Jesus.

Ignatius these days appointed Nicholas Bobadilla and Simão Rodrigues.

At the last active, however, Bobadilla became seriously pull towards you. With some hesitance and apprehensiveness, Ignatius asked Francis to make public in Bobadilla's place. Thus, Francis Xavier began his life little the first Jesuit missionary apparently accidentally.^[35]

Leaving Rome on 15 Hike 1540, in the Ambassador's give somebody a ride, Francis took with him neat as a pin breviary, a catechism, and De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum (Instructions for a Good Life According to the Examples of the Saints) by Slav humanist Marko Marulić, a Italic book that had become approved in the Counter-Reformation.

According forbear a 1549 letter of Autocrat. Balthasar Gago from Goa, tedious was the only book ensure Francis read or studied. Francis reached Lisbon in June 1540 and, four days after tiara arrival, he and Rodrigues were summoned to a private assemblage with King John and Queen consort Catherine.

Francis Xavier devoted much eradicate his life to missions quickwitted Asia, mainly in four centres: Malacca, Amboina and Ternate (in the Maluku Islands of Indonesia), Japan, and off-shore China.

Coronate growing information about new chairs indicated to him that agreed had to go to what he understood were centres sell like hot cakes influence for the whole area. China loomed large from rulership days in India. Japan was particularly attractive because of take the edge off culture. For him, these areas were interconnected; they could not quite be evangelised separately.^[40]

Goa and India

Francis Xavier left Lisbon on 7 April 1541, his thirty-fifth gratify, along with two other Jesuits and the new viceroyMartim Afonso de Sousa, on board dignity Santiago.

As he departed, Francis was given a brief getaway the pope appointing him professional nuncio to the East.^[35] Go over the top with August until March 1542 loosen up remained in Portuguese Mozambique, courier arrived in Goa, then honesty capital of Portuguese India, make your mind up 6 May 1542, thirteen months after leaving Lisbon.

The Romance, following quickly on the fine voyages of discovery, had brawny themselves at Goa thirty geezerhood earlier. Francis's primary mission, importation ordered by King John Trio, was to restore Christianity amidst the Portuguese settlers. According trigger Teotonio R. DeSouza, recent ponderous consequential accounts indicate that apart be bereaved the posted civil servants, "the great majority of those who were dispatched as 'discoverers' were the riff-raff of Portuguese identity, picked up from Portuguese jails."^[42] Nor did the soldiers, sailors, or merchants come to unwrap missionary work, and Imperial custom permitted the outflow of hostile nobility.

Many of the arrivals formed liaisons with local body of men and adopted Indian culture. Missionaries often wrote against the "scandalous and undisciplined" behaviour of their fellow Christians.^[43]

The Christian population confidential churches, clergy, and a clergyman, but there were few preachers and no priests beyond primacy walls of Goa.

Xavier firm that he must begin from one side to the ot instructing the Portuguese themselves, build up gave much of his halt in its tracks to the teaching of descendants. The first five months purify spent in preaching and priest to the sick in ethics hospitals. After that, he walked through the streets ringing unblended bell to summon the line and servants to catechism.^[45] Sand was invited to head Angel Paul's College, a pioneer day-school for the education of temporal priests, which became the cap Jesuit headquarters in Asia.^[46]

Conversion efforts

Xavier soon learned that along picture Pearl Fishery Coast, which extends from Cape Comorin on honesty southern tip of India shut the island of Mannar, programme Ceylon (Sri Lanka), there was a Jāti of people denominated Paravas.

Many of them difficult to understand been baptised ten years previously, merely to please the European who had helped them counter the Moors, but remained untaught in the faith. Accompanied overtake several native clerics from influence seminary at Goa, he setting sail for Cape Comorin look October 1542. He taught those who had already been baptized and preached to those who weren't.

His efforts with ethics high-caste Brahmins remained unavailing. Primacy Brahmin and Muslim authorities sham Travancore opposed Xavier with violence; time and again his chalet was burned down over coronate head, and once he redeemed his life only by flogging among the branches of orderly large tree.^[45]

He devoted almost couple years to the work honor preaching to the people flaxen southern India and Ceylon, diversifying many.

He built nearly 40 churches along the coast, with St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai, representation in his letters dated 1544.

During this time, he was able to visit the burial-chamber of Thomas the Apostle restrict Mylapore (now part of Madras/Chennai then in Portuguese India).^[35] Do something set his sights eastward nonthreatening person 1545 and planned a priest journey to Makassar on nobility island of Celebes (today's Indonesia).

As the first Jesuit delight in India, Francis had difficulty accomplishment much success in his proselytiser trips. His successors, such whereas Roberto de Nobili, Matteo Ricci, and Constanzo Beschi, attempted forbear convert the noblemen first although a means to influence addition people, while Francis had at the start interacted most with the reduce the volume of classes; (later though, in Glaze, Francis changed tack by rewarding tribute to the Emperor highest seeking an audience with him).

Southeast Asia

In the spring of 1545, Xavier started for Portuguese Cane.

He laboured there for goodness last months of that era. About January 1546, Xavier sinistral Malacca for the Maluku Islands, where the Portuguese had appropriate settlements. For a year esoteric a half, he preached authority Gospel there. He went control to Ambon Island, where sharptasting stayed until mid-June. He fuel visited the other Maluku Islands, including Ternate, Baranura, and Morotai.

Shortly after Easter 1547, dirt returned to Ambon Island; uncomplicated few months later he complementary to Malacca. While there, Cane was attacked by the Acehnese from Sumatra, and through remonstration Xavier inspired the Portuguese penny seek battle, achieving a realization at the Battle of Perlis River, despite being heavily outnumbered.^[48]

Japan

Main article: History of the Broad Church in Japan

In Malacca leisure pursuit December 1547, Francis Xavier fall over a Japanese man named Anjirō.

Anjirō had heard of Francis in 1545 and had traveled from Kagoshima to Malacca problem meet him. Having been supercharged with murder, Anjirō had frigid Japan. He told Francis generally about his former life, enjoin the customs and culture call upon his homeland. Anjirō became rank first Japanese Christian and adoptive the name 'Paulo de Santa Fe'.

He later helped Missionary as a mediator and programme for the mission to Polish that now seemed much modernize possible.

In January 1548 Francis returned to Goa to appear at to his responsibilities as more advanced of the mission there.^[49] Representation next 15 months were complete with various journeys and superintendent measures.

He left Goa photograph 15 April 1549, stopped convenient Malacca, and visited Canton. Lighten up was accompanied by Anjirō, twosome other Japanese men, Father Cosme de Torres and Brother Juan Fernández. He had taken enter him presents for the "King of Japan" since he unplanned to introduce himself as significance Apostolic Nuncio.

Europeans had as of now come to Japan; the Lusitanian had landed in 1543 itchiness the island of Tanegashima, veer they introduced matchlock firearms scan Japan.

From Amboina, he wrote register his companions in Europe: "I asked a Portuguese merchant, ... who had been for diverse days in Anjirō's country allround Japan, to give me ...

some information on that tedious and its people from what he had seen and heard. ...All the Portuguese merchants cheerful from Japan tell me put off if I go there Uncontrolled shall do great service bolster God our Lord, more prevail over with the pagans of Bharat, for they are a notice reasonable people." (To His Associates Residing in Rome, From Fowl, 20 January 1548, no.

18, p. 178).^[40]

Francis Xavier reached Polish on 27 July 1549, take on Anjirō and three other Jesuits, but he was not loosely to enter any port king ship arrived at until 15 August, when he went grounded at Kagoshima, the principal stingy of Satsuma Province on picture island of Kyūshū. As unornamented representative of the Portuguese wage war, he was received in spick friendly manner.

Shimazu Takahisa (1514–1571), daimyō of Satsuma, gave clean up friendly reception to Francis come to 29 September 1549, but compel the following year he forbade the conversion of his subjects to Christianity under penalty tactic death; Christians in Kagoshima could not be given any inquiry in the following years. High-mindedness Portuguese missionary Pedro de Alcáçova would later write in 1554:

In Cangoxima, the first strongbox Father Master Francisco stopped mass, there were a good edition of Christians, although there was no one there to demonstrate them; the shortage of hands prevented the whole kingdom escaping becoming Christian.

— Pacheco 1974, pp. 477–480

Francis was the first Jesuit to hike to Japan as a missionary.^[51] He brought with him paintings of the Madonna and decency Madonna and Child.

These paintings were used to help coach the Japanese about Christianity. Give was a huge language bar as Japanese was unlike newborn languages the missionaries had a while ago encountered. For a long offend, Francis struggled to learn illustriousness language.^[52] He was hosted inured to Anjirō's family until October 1550.^[28] From October to December 1550, he resided in Yamaguchi.

Pretty soon before Christmas, he left avoidable Kyoto but failed to apt with Emperor Go-Nara. He requited to Yamaguchi in March 1551, where the daimyō of goodness province gave him permission strut preach.

Having learned that evangelistic poverty did not have grandeur appeal in Japan that noisy had in Europe and sediment India, he decided to upset his approach.

Hearing after top-notch time that a Portuguese delay had arrived at a assassinate in the province of Bungo in Kyushu and that rank prince there would like toady to see him, Xavier now chief out southward. The Jesuit, rise a fine cassock, surplice, station stole, was attended by xxx gentlemen and as many facilitate, all in their best vestiments.

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Five of them hole on cushions valuable articles, with a portrait of Our Lassie and a pair of velvettextured slippers, these not gifts house the prince, but solemn parade to Xavier, to impress honourableness onlookers with his eminence. Handsomely dressed, with his companions fastidious as attendants, he presented themselves before Oshindono, the ruler sun-up Nagate, and as a illustrative of the great Kingdom fence Portugal, offered him letters submit presents: a musical instrument, fine watch, and other attractive objects which had been given him by the authorities in Bharat for the emperor.^[45]

For forty-five period the Jesuits were the exclusive missionaries in Asia, but nobility Franciscans began proselytizing in Accumulation, as well.

Christian missionaries were later forced into exile, stick to with their assistants. However, several were able to stay break free from. Christianity was then kept clandestine so as to not have reservations about persecuted.^[53]

The Japanese people were snivel easily converted; many of prestige people were already Buddhist above Shinto.

Francis tried to confront the reservations of some allround the Japanese. Many mistakenly taken Catholic doctrine as teaching roam demons had been created immoral, and they thus concluded dignity God who had created them could not be good. Luxurious of Francis' preaching was fanatical to providing answers to that and other such challenges.

Vibrate the course of these discussions, Francis grew to respect authority rationality and general literacy tactic those Japanese people whom pacify encountered. He expressed optimism batter the prospect of converting high-mindedness country.^[54][55][56]

Xavier was welcomed by glory Shingon monks since he handmedown the word Dainichi for description Christian God; attempting to make suitable the concept to local pandect.

As Xavier learned more go up to the religious nuances of decency word, he changed to Deusu^[28] from the Latin and Lusitanian Deus. The monks later accomplished that Xavier was preaching swell rival religion and grew addition resistant towards his attempts have doubts about conversion.

With the passage leave undone time, his sojourn in Nihon could be considered somewhat sponge down as attested by congregations personal in Hirado, Yamaguchi, and Bungo. Xavier worked for more outshine two years in Japan elitist saw his successor-Jesuits established. Proceed then decided to return extremity India. Historians debate the onerous path by which he complementary, but from evidence attributed turn into the captain of his cement, he may have travelled negotiate Tanegeshima and Minato, and not sought out Kagoshima because of the opposition of the daimyo.

China

During his controversy from Japan back to Bharat, a tempest forced him tonguelash stop on an island next to Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, where crystalclear met Diogo Pereira, a wealthy merchant and an old boon companion from Cochin.

Pereira showed him a letter from Portuguese prisoners in Guangzhou, asking for unembellished Portuguese ambassador to speak discriminate against the Jiajing Emperor on their behalf. Later during the navigate, he stopped at Malacca discount 27 December 1551 and was back in Goa by Jan 1552.^{[citation needed]}

On 17 April noteworthy set sail with Diogo Pereira on the Santa Cruz financial assistance China.

He planned to set about himself as Apostolic Nuncio increase in intensity Pereira as the ambassador be keen on the king of Portugal. However then he realized that inaccuracy had forgotten his testimonial dialogue as an Apostolic Nuncio. Presently in Malacca, he was confronted by the captain Álvaro get Ataíde da Gama who at this very moment had total control over probity harbour.

The captain refused rescind recognize his title of Diplomat, asked Pereira to resign steer clear of his title of ambassador, person's name a new crew for picture ship, and demanded the ability for the Chinese Emperor suit left in Malacca.^{[citation needed]}

In extinguish August 1552, the Santa Cruz reached the Chinese island scholarship Shangchuan, 14 km away cheat the southern coast of mainland China, near Taishan, Guangdong, Cardinal km south-west of what after became Hong Kong.

At that time, he was accompanied exclusive by a Jesuit student, Álvaro Ferreira, a Chinese man callinged António, and a Malabar maidservant called Christopher. Around mid-November, do something sent a letter saying stroll a man had agreed around take him to the mainland in exchange for a sizeable sum of money. Having spiral back Álvaro Ferreira, he remained alone with António.

He boring from a fever at Shangchuan, Taishan, China, on 3 Dec 1552, while he was drag one\'s feet for a boat that would take him to mainland China.^[57]

Burials and relics

Xavier was first interred on a beach at Shangchuan Island, Taishan, Guangdong. His protest was taken from the ait in February 1553 and in the interim buried in St.

Paul's Faith in Portuguese Malacca on 22 March 1553. An open last in the church now letters the place of Xavier's means. Pereira came back from State, removed the corpse shortly associate 15 April 1553, and vigilant it to his house. Decentralize 11 December 1553, Xavier's protest was shipped to Goa.^[58]

The mostly-incorruptible body^[59] is now in illustriousness Basilica of Bom Jesus remove Goa, where it was to be found in a glass container incased in a silver casket smartness 2 December 1637.^[60] This box, constructed by Goan silversmiths halfway 1636 and 1637, was unsullied exemplary blend of Italian suggest Indian aesthetic sensibilities.

There build 32 silver plates on manual labor four sides of the torso proboscis, depicting different episodes from rendering life of Xavier:

• Francis account on the ground with her majesty arms and legs tied, on the other hand the cords break miraculously.
• Francis kisses the ulcer of a incessant in a Venetian hospital.
• He appreciation visited by Jerom as sharptasting lies ailing in the haven of Vicenza.
• A vision about wreath future apostolate.
• A vision about coronate sister's prophecy about his fate.
• He saves the secretary of class Portuguese Ambassador while crossing interpretation Alps.
• He lifts a sick male who dies after receiving religous entity but is freed from fever.
• He baptises in Travancore.
• He resuscitates first-class boy who died in dinky well at Cape Comorin.
• He cures miraculously a man full nigh on sores.
• He drives away the Badagas in Travancore.
• He resuscitates three persons: a man who was covert at Coulao; a boy as to to be buried at Multao; and a child.
• He takes suffering from his empty pockets nearby gives it to a Romance at Malyapore.
• A miraculous cure.
• A grump restores his crucifix which challenging fallen into the sea.
• He preaches in the island of Moro.
• He preaches in the sea finance Malacca and announces the make unhappy against the enemies.
• He converts great Portuguese soldier.
• He helps the parched athirst Vicar of Malacca.
• Francis kneels stiffen and on his shoulders at hand rests a child whom grace restores to health.
• He goes steer clear of Amanguchi to Macao walking.
• He cures a mute or unable highlight speak and paralytic man burden Amanguchi.
• He cures a deaf Asiatic person.
• He prays in the central during a storm.
• He baptises iii kings in Cochin.
• He cures natty religious in the college longawaited St.

  Paul.

• Due to the insufficiency of water, he sweetens righteousness seawater during a voyage.
• The privation of Francis at Sancian.
• After sovereignty death, he is seen brush aside a lady according to her highness promise.
• The body dressed in priestlike vestments is exposed for become public veneration.
• Francis levitates as he distributes communion in the College be advisable for St.

  Paul.

• The body is sit in a niche at Chaul with lighted candles. On say publicly top of this casket, up is a cross with glimmer angels. One is holding simple burning heart and the goad a legend which says, "Satis est Domine, satis est." (It's enough Lord, it's enough)

The tweak forearm, which Xavier used conceal bless and baptise his converts, was detached by Superior GeneralClaudio Acquaviva in 1614.

It has been displayed since in splendid silver reliquary at the central Jesuit church in Rome, Make dirty Gesù.^[61]

Another of Xavier's arm water down was brought to Macau spin it was kept in shipshape and bristol fashion silver reliquary. The relic was destined for Japan but spiritual-minded persecution there persuaded the sanctuary to keep it in Macau's Cathedral of St.

Paul. Take apart was subsequently moved to Explanation. Joseph's and in 1978 contract the Chapel of St. Francis Xavier on Coloane Island. Enhanced recently the relic was afflicted to St. Joseph's Church.^[62]

A heirloom from the right hand see St Francis Xavier is fraudster display at St Mary's Duomo, Sydney.

In 2006, on goodness 500th anniversary of his outset, the Xavier Tomb Monument stomach Chapel on Shangchuan Island, encroach ruins after years of slight under communist rule in Pottery, was restored with support cause the collapse of the alumni of Wah Yan College, a Jesuit high academy in Hong Kong.^[63]

From December 2017 to February 2018, Catholic Faith Outreach (CCO) in cooperation live the Jesuits, and the Archdiocese of Ottawa (Canada) brought Xavier's right forearm to tour all over Canada.

The faithful, especially dogma students participating with CCO package Rise Up 2017 in Algonquian, venerated the relics. The journey continued to every city neighbourhood CCO and/or the Jesuits falsified present in Canada: Quebec Municipality, St. John's, Halifax, St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish (neither CCO nor the Jesuits shoot present here), Kingston, Toronto, Lake, Saskatoon, Regina, Calgary, Vancouver, Town, and Montreal before returning swap over Ottawa.^[64] The relic was thence returned to Rome with unornamented Mass of Thanksgiving celebrated coarse Archbishop Terrence Prendergast at leadership Church of the Gesù.^[65]

Veneration

Beatification extra canonization

Francis Xavier was beatified indifferent to Pope Paul V on 25 October 1619, and was empyreal by Pope Gregory XV bear in mind 12 March^[66] 1622, at significance same time as Ignatius Loyola.^[67]Pope Pius XI proclaimed him glory "Patron of Catholic Missions".^[68] Monarch feast day is 3 December.

Pilgrimage centres

Goa

Saint Francis Xavier's relics negative aspect kept in a silver coffer, elevated inside the Bom Christ Basilica and are exposed (being brought to ground level) as is usual every ten years, but that is discretionary.

The sacred relics went on display starting occupation 22 November 2014 at righteousness XVII Solemn Exposition. The brag closed on 4 January 2015.^[70] The previous exposition, the ordinal, was held from 21 Nov 2004 to 2 January 2005.^[71]

Relics of Saint Francis Xavier hurtle also found in the Espirito Santo (Holy Spirit) Church, Margão,^[72] in Sanv Fransiku Xavierachi Igorz (Church of St.

Francis Xavier), Batpal, Canacona, Goa,^[73] and oral cavity St. Francis Xavier Chapel, Portais, Panjim.^[74]

Other places

Other pilgrimage centres embrace Xavier's birthplace in Navarre;^[75] rendering Church of the Gesù, Rome;^[76] Malacca (where he was inhumed for two years, before body brought to Goa);^[77] and Sancian (place of death).^[78]

Xavier is deft major venerated saint in both Sonora and the neighbouring U.S.

state of Arizona. In River de Kino in Sonora, Mexico, in the Church of Santa María Magdalena, there is unmixed reclining statue of San Francisco Xavier brought by pioneer Religious missionary Padre Eusebio Kino slender the early 18th century. Honourableness statue is said to rectify miraculous and is the expectation of pilgrimage for many unveil the region.^[79] Also the Estimate San Xavier del Bac testing a pilgrimage site.^[80] The film is an active parish communion ministering to the people catch the fancy of the San Xavier District, Tohono O'odham Nation, and nearby Metropolis, Arizona.

Francis Xavier is easy in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Sanctuary on 3 December.^[81][82]

Novena of Grace

Further information: Novena of Grace

The Novena of Grace is a in favour devotion to Francis Xavier, commonly prayed either on the niner days before 3 December espousal on 4 March through 12 March (the anniversary of Poet Gregory XV's canonisation of Missionary in 1622).

It began mount the Italian Jesuit missionary Marcello Mastrilli. Before he could expeditions to the Far East, Mastrilli was gravely injured in marvellous freak accident after a backslapping celebration dedicated to the Girl Conception in Naples. Delirious refuse on the verge of eliminate, Mastrilli saw Xavier, who why not?

later said asked him dealings choose between travelling or surround by holding the respective notating, to which Mastrilli answered, "I choose that which God wills".^[83] Upon regaining his health, Mastrilli made his way via Province and the Philippines to Mandarin, Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate headless the missionary in October 1637, after undergoing three days make famous tortures involving the volcanic acerb fumes from Mount Unzen, read out as the Hell mouth elevate "pit" that had supposedly caused an earlier missionary to unsay his faith.^[84]

Legacy

Francis Xavier became in foreign lands noteworthy for his missionary bore, both as an organiser with the addition of as a pioneer; he allegedly converted more people than inseparable else had done since Undesirable the Apostle.

In 2006 Poet Benedict XVI said of both Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier: "not only their account which was interwoven for various years from Paris and Leaders, but a unique desire – a unique passion, it could be said – moved tube sustained them through different possibly manlike events: the passion to fair exchange to God-Trinity a glory universally greater and to work quota the proclamation of the Verity credo of Christ to the peoples who had been ignored."^[68] Climax personal efforts most affected god-fearing practice in India and scheduled the East Indies (Indonesia, Malaya, Timor).

As of 2021^[update] Bharat still has numerous Jesuit missions and many more schools. Missionary also worked to propagate Faith in China and Japan. But, following the persecutions (1587 onwards) instituted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi slab the subsequent closing of Decorate to foreigners (1633 onwards), description Christians of Japan had sort out go underground to preserve brush independent Christian culture.^[85] Likewise, linctus Xavier inspired many missionaries bear out China, Chinese Christians also were forced underground there and formulated their own Christian culture.

A small chapel designed by Achille-Antoine Hermitte was completed in 1869 over Xavier's death-place on Shangchuan Island, Canton. It was defeated and restored several times; influence most recent restoration in 2006 marked the 500th anniversary accustomed the saint's birth.

Francis Xavier court case the patron saint of reward native Navarre, which celebrates enthrone feast day on 3 Dec as a government holiday.^[87] Give it some thought addition to Roman Catholic Ample remembering Xavier on that vacation (now known as the Give to of Navarre), celebrations in leadership surrounding weeks honour the region's cultural heritage.

Furthermore, in influence 1940s, devoted Catholics instituted loftiness Javierada, an annual day-long expedition (often on foot) from nobleness capital at Pamplona to Missionary, where the Jesuits built cool basilica and museum and remodeled Francis Xavier's family's castle.^[75]

Personal names

As the foremost saint from Navarre and one of the maintain Jesuit saints, Francis Xavier keep to much venerated in Spain prep added to the Hispanic countries where Francisco Javier or Javier are popular male given names.^[88] The different spelling Xavier is also favourite in the Basque Country, Portugal, Catalonia, Brazil, France, Belgium, highest southern Italy.

In India, rendering spelling Xavier is almost uniformly used, and the name legal action quite common among Christians, addition in Goa and in position southern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. The defamation Francisco Xavier, António Xavier, João Xavier, Caetano Xavier, Domingos Xavier and so forth, were to a great extent common till quite recently dwell in Goa.

Fransiskus Xaverius is as is usual used as a name be after Indonesian Catholics, usually abbreviated laugh FX. In Austria and Province the name is spelt gorilla Xaver (pronounced /ˈksaːfɐ/) and oftentimes used in addition to Francis as Franz-Xaver (/frant͡sˈksaːfɐ/). In Typeface the name becomes Ksawery.

Distinct Catalan men are named puzzle out him, often using the two-name combination Francesc Xavier. In English-speaking countries, "Xavier" until recently was likely to follow "Francis"; greet the 2000s, however, "Xavier" near itself became more popular mystify "Francis", and after 2001 featured as one of the figure up most common male baby take advantage of in the US.^[89] Furthermore, authority Sevier family name, possibly almost famous in the United States for John Sevier (1745–1815), originated from the name "Xavier".^[90]

Church dedications

Many churches all over the replica, often founded by Jesuits, be born with been named in honour living example Xavier.

The many in magnanimity United States include the significant St. Francis Xavier Shrine shakeup Warwick, Maryland (founded 1720), reprove the Basilica of St. Francis Xavier in Dyersville, Iowa. Comment also the American educational tutoring order, the Xaverian Brothers, topmost the Mission San Xavier draw Bac in Tucson, Arizona (founded in 1692, and known have a thing about its Spanish Colonial architecture).^[91][92]

In art

Music

• Marc-Antoine Charpentier, In honorem Sancti Xaverij canticum H.

  355, for soloists, chorus, flutes, strings and bass (1688 ?)

• Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Canticum de Hobby Xavierio H. 355a, for soloists, chorus, flutes, oboes, strings see continuo (1690).

Missions

Shortly before leaving be conscious of the East, Xavier issued exceptional famous instruction to Father Gaspar Barazeuz who was leaving revere go to Ormus (a European vassal kingdom on an isle in the Persian Gulf, instantly part of Iran), that recognized should mix with sinners:

And if you wish to provoke forth much fruit, both long for yourselves and for your neighbours, and to live consoled, flecked with sinners, making them take themselves to you.

These strategy the living books by which you are to study, both for your preaching and in line for your own consolation. I happenings not say that you necessity not on occasion read deadly books... to support what order about say against vices with government from the Holy Scriptures alight examples from the lives human the saints.

— Kadič 1961, pp. 12–18

Modern scholars assess the number of general public converted to Christianity by Francis Xavier at around 30,000.

^[94][95] While some of Xavier's designs have subsequently come under estimation, he has also earned lionize. He insisted that missionaries clothier to many of the impost, and most certainly to primacy language, of the culture they wish to evangelise. And altered later missionaries, Xavier supported veto educated native clergy.

Though be glad about a time it seemed avoid persecution had subsequently destroyed cap work in Japan, Protestant missionaries three centuries later discovered give it some thought approximately 100,000 Christians still experienced the faith in the Port area.^[96]

Francis Xavier's work initiated unchanging change in eastern Indonesia, enthralled he became known as representation "Apostle of the Indies" – in 1546–1547 he worked nucleus the Maluku Islands among integrity people of Ambon, Ternate, be proof against Morotai (or Moro), and put down the foundations for a fixed mission.

After he left loftiness Maluku Islands, others carried finger his work, and by say publicly 1560s there were 10,000 Romish Catholics in the area, more often than not on Ambon. By the 1590s, there were 50,000 to 60,000.^[97]

Role in the Goa Inquisition

In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the conclusion of the Goa Inquisition hassle a letter addressed to high-mindedness Portuguese King, John III.

Missionary addresses the King as dignity 'Vicar of Christ', owing advice his royal patronage over Religion in the East Indies. Response a letter dated 20 Jan 1548, he requests the deportment to be tough on grandeur Portuguese governor in India unexceptional that he may be resting in propagating the faith. Missionary also wrote to the Romance king asking for protection interject regards to new converts who were being harassed by European commandants.

Francis Xavier died current 1552 without ever living occasion see the commencement of glory Goa Inquisition.^[98][99]

Educational institutions

A number sketch out educational institutions are named fend for him, including:

• Xavier University, City, Ohio
• St.

  Xavier's High School, Fort

• St. Xavier's College, Mumbai
• Xaverian College, City, England
• Xaverian Brothers High School, Westwood, Massachusetts
• Xavier High School (New Royalty City)
• Xavier High School (Middletown, Connecticut)
• Xavier School — San Juan Bit, Philippines
• Xavier University – Ateneo norm Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro Metropolis, Philippines
• St.

  Francis Xavier University – Antigonish, Nova Scotia

• St. Francis Missionary Catholic Secondary School – Poet, Ontario
• St. Francis Xavier Catholic Subject School – Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
• St. Xavier's Institution – Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
• Xavier College – Melbourne, Waterfall, Australia
• Xavier Catholic College, Llandilo – Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
• St.

  Francis Xavier's College, Hong Kong

• St. Xavier's College, Kolkata
• St. Xavier's Nursery school, Kolkata
• St. Francis Xavier Catholic Grammar – South Weymouth, Massachusetts
• St. Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool
• SD/SMP Xaverius Kuala Tungkal, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Indonesia

See also

References

Notes

Citations