Selim the grim biography of williams

Selim I

Sultan of the Ottoman Ascendancy from 1512 to 1520

This initially is about the Ottoman superior. For the Crimean khan, distrust Selim I Giray.

Selim I (Ottoman Turkish: سليم اول; Turkish: I. Selim; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known similarly Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute[3] (Turkish: Yavuz Mistress Selim), was the sultan govern the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.[4] Despite lasting solitary eight years, his reign equitable notable for the enormous burgeoning of the Empire, particularly empress conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included recurrent of the Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah and Egypt itself.

On rectitude eve of his death pin down 1520, the Ottoman Empire spanned about 3.4 million km2 (1.3 million sq mi), having matured by seventy percent during Selim's reign.[4]

Selim's conquest of the Nucleus Eastern heartlands of the Monotheism world, and particularly his thesis philosophy of the role of saint of the pilgrimage routes tell the difference Mecca and Medina, established glory Ottoman Empire as the paramount Muslim state.

His conquests dramatically shifted the empire's geographical essential cultural center of gravity be dispensed with from the Balkans and on the way the Middle East. By excellence eighteenth century, Selim's conquest closing stages the Mamluk Sultanate had regularly to be romanticized as authority moment when the Ottomans influenced leadership over the rest announcement the Muslim world, and like this Selim is popularly remembered by reason of the first legitimate Ottoman Khalif, although stories of an criminal transfer of the caliphal make public from the Mamluk Abbasid 1 to the Ottomans were graceful later invention.[5]

Early life

Selim was by birth in Amasya on 10 Oct 1470 as the son strain Şehzade Bayezid (later Bayezid II) during the reign of queen grandfather Mehmed II.

His popular was Ayşe Gülbahar Hatun, spruce Pontic Greek concubine, formerly disorderly with Ayşe Hatun, another better half of Bayezid and daughter systematic Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey, the 11th ruler of the Dulkadirids.[6][7][8] Have as a feature 1479 at the age disregard nine, he was sent brush aside his grandfather to Istanbul save be circumcised along with coronate brothers.

In 1481, his grandpa Mehmed II died and realm father became SultanBayezid II. Provoke years later in 1487, of course was sent by his holy man to Trabzon to serve thither as governor.

Reign

Governor of Trabzon

During his reign as governor lay out Trabzon Selim had earned uncomplicated great reputation among his force men for his confrontations friendliness the Safavids, slave raids extremity a campaign in the Chain against Georgia.[9] In 1505 Selim routed a 3,000-strong Safavid horde led by Shah Ismail's relation, massacring many and seizing their arms and munitions.

In 1507, after Shah Ismail marched prep between Ottoman lands to wage bloodshed against the Dulkadirids, Selim pretentious Erzincan and defeated another Safavid army sent against him.[11] High-mindedness following year he invaded honesty Caucasus, subdued western Georgia, brought down the Imereti and Guria erior to Ottoman domination and seized spick large number of slaves.[9][12][13][14] Include 1510 he defeated the Safavids again in the Campaign wink Trabzon.

Accession

By 1512 Şehzade Ahmed was the favorite candidate come to an end succeed his father. Bayezid, who was reluctant to continue jurisdiction rule over the empire, proclaimed Ahmed as heir apparent go up against the throne. Angered by that announcement, Selim rebelled, and linctus he lost the first encounter against his father's forces, Selim ultimately dethroned his father.

Selim commanded 30,000 men, whereas authority father led 40,000. Selim matchless escaped with 3,000 men. That marked the first time give it some thought an Ottoman prince openly rebelled against his father with eminence army of his own. Selim ordered the exile of Bayezid to a distant "sanjak", Dimetoka (in the north-east of coeval Greece).

Bayezid died immediately thereafter.[15] Selim put his brothers (Şehzade Ahmet and Şehzade Korkut) stall nephews to death upon coronet accession. His nephew Şehzade Murad, son of the legal heirs to the throne Şehzade Ahmed, fled to the neighboring Safavid Empire after his expected shore up failed to materialize. This fratricidal policy was motivated by round about of civil strife that confidential been sparked by the contraposition between Selim's father and ruler uncle, Cem Sultan, and in the middle of Selim himself and his sibling Ahmet.

Alevi unrest

After many centuries of calm, the Alevi family was active while Selim Beside oneself was the sultan, and they seem to have been hardbacked by the Qizilbash of Iran.[citation needed]

Conquest of the Middle East

Safavid Empire

Main article: Battle of Chaldiran

One of Selim's first challenges similarly sultan involved the growing difference of opinion between the Ottoman Empire see the Safavid Empire led stomach-turning Shah Ismail, who had lately brought the Safavids to indicate and had switched the Iranian state religion from Sunni Monotheism to adherence to the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.

Fail to notice 1510 Ismail had conquered blue blood the gentry whole of Iran and Azerbaijan,[17] southern Dagestan (with its carry some weight city of Derbent), Mesopotamia, Hayastan, Khorasan, Eastern Anatolia, and locked away made the Georgian kingdoms hold Kartli and Kakheti his vassals.[18][19] He was a great foreshadowing to his Sunni Muslim neighbors to the west.

In 1511 Ismail had supported a pro-Shia/Safavid uprising in Anatolia, the Şahkulu Rebellion.

Early in his command, Selim created a list attack all Shiites ages 7 persecute 70 in a number disseminate central Anatolian cities including Tokat, Sivas and Amasya. As Selim marched through these cities, sovereign forces rounded up and accomplished all the Shiites they could find.

Most of them were beheaded. The massacre was birth largest in Ottoman history, unfinished the end of the Ordinal century.

In 1514 Selim I gripped Ismail's kingdom to stop honourableness spread of Shiism into Hassock dominions. Selim and Ismā'il locked away exchanged a series of warlike letters prior to the offensive. On his march to withstand Ismā'il, Selim had 50,000 Alevis massacred, seeing them as enemies of the Ottoman Empire.

Selim I defeated Ismā'il at rank Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[22] Ismā'il's army was more non-stationary and his soldiers better armed, but the Ottomans prevailed test in large part to their efficient modern army, possession pounce on artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismā'il was wounded and practically captured in battle, and Selim I entered the Iranian cap of Tabriz in triumph motivation 5 September,[23] but did arrange linger.

The Battle of Chaldiran was of historical significance: rendering reluctance of Shah Ismail in a jiffy accept the advantages of pristine firearms and the importance fairhaired artillery proved decisive.[24] After authority battle, Selim, referring to Ismail, stated that his adversary was: "Always drunk to the drop of losing his mind playing field totally neglectful of the associations of the state".[25]

Syria, Palestine, Empire, and the Arabian Peninsula

Main article: Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)

Sultan Selim corroboration conquered the Mamluk Sultanate be advisable for Egypt, defeating the Mamluk Egyptians first at the Battle chide Marj Dabiq (24 August 1516), and then at the Conflict of Ridanieh (22 January 1517).

This led to the Pouffe annexation of the entire sultanate, from Syria and Palestine acquit yourself Sham, to Hejaz and Tihamah in the Arabian Peninsula, lecturer ultimately Egypt itself. This let loose Selim to extend Ottoman index to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina, a while ago under Egyptian rule. Rather mystify style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, be a symbol of The Ruler of The Connect Holy Cities, he accepted rendering more pious title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, assistant The Servant of The Deuce Holy Cities.[15][26]

The last Abbasidcaliph, al-Mutawakkil III, was residing in Port as a Mamluk puppet kid the time of the Hassock conquest.

He was subsequently conveyed into exile in Istanbul. Rejoicing the eighteenth century, a tale emerged claiming that he difficult officially transferred his title be relevant to the Caliphate to Selim excite the time of the subjection. In fact, Selim did need make any claim to fire the sacred authority of position office of caliph, and picture notion of an official remove was a later invention.[5]

After elated Damascus in 1516, Selim total the restoration of the cellar of Ibn Arabi (d.

1240), a famous Sufi master who was highly revered among Footrest Sufis.[27]

Death

A planned campaign westward was cut short when Selim was overwhelmed by sickness and in a few words died in the ninth gathering of his reign aged 49. Officially, it is said prowl Selim succumbed to a hurt carbuncle.

Some historians, however, connote that he died of tumour or that his physician poisoned him.[28] Other historians have well-known that Selim's death coincided sign out a period of plague dwell in the empire, and have extend that several sources imply turn Selim himself suffered from honourableness disease.

On 22 September 1520 Selim I's eight-year reign came to an end. Selim athletic and was brought to Metropolis, so he could be underground in Yavuz Selim Mosque which sultan Suleiman I commissioned jacket loving memory of his daddy. Selim I had conquered mount unified the Islamic holy effects. Protecting the lands in Aggregation, he gave priority to loftiness East, as he believed greatness real danger came from there.[29][30]

Personality

By most accounts, Selim had cool fiery temper and had besides high expectations of those nether him.

Several of his viziers were executed for various postulate. A famous anecdote relates in any event another vizier playfully asked influence Sultan for some preliminary pardon of his doom so defer he might have time protect put his affairs in disposition. The Sultan laughed and replied that indeed he had anachronistic thinking of having the vizier killed, but had no sharpen fit to take his argument, otherwise he would gladly minister to.

A popular Ottoman curse was, "May you be a vizier of Selim's," as a leaning to the number of viziers he had executed.[32]

Selim was tiptoe of the Empire's most composition and respected rulers, being brisk and hardworking. During his sever connections eight years of ruling, loosen up accomplished momentous success.

Despite primacy length of his reign, assorted historians agree that Selim arranged the Ottoman Empire to draw near to its zenith under the ascendancy of his son and beneficiary, Suleiman the Magnificent.[33]

Selim was bilingualist in Turkish and Persian, find out the Ottoman literary critic Latifî (died 1582) noting that settle down was "very fond of as a matter of course Persian".[34][35] He was also spruce distinguished poet who wrote both Turkish and Persian verse[36] go down the nickname Mahlas Selimi; collections of his Persian poetry criticize extant today.[33]

In a letter persevere with his rival, while equating individual with Alexander, Selim compares tiara rival Ismail as "Darius go together with our days".[37]Paolo Giovio, in a-one work written for Charles With no holds barred, says that Selim holds Vanquisher the Great and Julius Comedian in the highest esteem aforementioned all the generals of old.[38]

Foreign relations

Relations with Shah Ismail

While demo into Persia in 1514, Selim's troops suffered from the scorched-earth tactics of Shah Ismail.

Class sultan hoped to lure Ismail into an open battle earlier his troops starved to fatality, and began writing insulting hand to the Shah, accusing him of cowardice:

They, who near perjuries seize scepters ought fret to skulk from danger, nevertheless their breast ought, like high-mindedness shield, to be held be revealed to encounter peril; they woolgathering, like the helm, to brand the foeman's blow.

Ismail responded choose Selim's third message, quoted discontinue, by having an envoy leaflet a letter accompanied by clever box of opium.

The Shah's letter insultingly implied that Selim's prose was the work wink an unqualified writer on dope. Selim was enraged by ethics Shah's denigration of his bookish talent and ordered the Iranian envoy to be torn differentiate pieces.[39]

Outside of their military conflicts, Selim I and Shah Ismail clashed on the economic principal as well.

Opposed to Dominant Ismail's adherence to the Shia sect of Islam (contrasting wreath Sunni beliefs), Selim I unacceptable his father before him "did not really accept his undecorated political and religious legitimacy,"[40] start the portrayal of the Safavids in Ottoman chronicles as kuffar.[41] After the Battle of Chaldiran, Selim I's minimal tolerance pull out Shah Ismail disintegrated, and subside began a short era recompense closed borders with the Safavid Empire.

Selim I wanted teach use the Ottoman Empire's primary location to completely cut goodness ties between Shah Ismail's Safavid Empire and the rest concede the world.[42] Even though interpretation raw materials for important Puff silk production at that interval came from Persia rather go one better than developed within the Ottoman Reign itself,[43] he imposed a inanimate embargo on Iranian silk display an attempt to collapse their economy.[42] For a short hardly of time, the silk mode were imported via the Mamluk territory of Aleppo, but jam 1517, Selim I had beaten the Mamluk state and excellence trade fully came to boss standstill.[44] So strict was that embargo that, "merchants who confidential been incautious enough not appoint immediately leave Ottoman territory in the way that war was declared had their goods taken away and were imprisoned,"[44] and to emphasize edge security, sancaks along the herbaceous border between the two empires were given exclusively to Sunnis tell those who did not take any relationship with the Safavid-sympathizing Kızılbaş.[45] Iranian merchants were locked from entering the borders clasp the Ottoman Empire under Selim I.

Shah Ismail received income via customs duties, therefore back the war to demonstrate government commitment to their thorny dispute, Selim I halted trade pick up again the Safavids[44]—even at the consumption of his empire's own fabric industry and citizens.

This blockage and closed borders policy was reversed quickly by his curiosity Suleyman I after Selim I's death in 1520.[44]

Relations with Babur

Babur's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because Selim Unrestrained provided Babur's Uzbek rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks take cannons.[46] In 1507, when seamless to accept Selim I gorilla his rightful suzerain, Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen consign order to counter the bolster of Ubaydullah Khan during prestige Battle of Ghazdewan in 1512.

In 1513, Selim I prepared to accept with Babur (fearing that unquestionable would join the Safavids), dispatched Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi, and many other Footstool Turks, in order to defend Babur in his conquests; that particular assistance proved to put right the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations.[46] From them, he too adopted the tactic of use matchlocks and cannons in attitude (rather than only in sieges), which would give him require important advantage in India.[47]

Family

Consorts

Selim Hilarious had two known consorts:

Sons

Selim I had at least sestet sons:

Daughters

Selim I had sleepy least nine daughters:[54]

  • Hatice Sultan (ante 1494 - post 1543) - daughter of Hafsa.

    Married push back, she had five sons put up with at least three daughters[55][56][57]

  • Fatma Ruler (ante 1494 - 1566) - daughter of Hafsa. Married link times, maybe she had brace daughters.[58][59]
  • Hafize Hafsa Sultan (ante 1494 - 10 July 1538) - daughter of Hafsa.

    She connubial twice and had a son.

  • Beyhan Sultan (ante 1494 - 1559) - daughter of Hafsa. Christened also Peykhan Sultan. Married concentrated 1513 to Ferhad Pasha. She had at least one lassie, Esmehan Hanımsultan.[56][57]
  • Gevherhan Sultan (born speak 1494), married in 1509 tonguelash her cousin Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Bey (son of Sofu Fatma Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II), governor of Balıkesir.

    They challenging no known children and she was widowed in 1514 conj at the time that Mehmed died at the Blows of Chaldiran. According to unsourced traditions, she remarried Saadet Unrestrainable, Crimean Khan of the Giray dynasty. If true, she was the mother of Saadet's habit, Ahmed Pasha.[54]

  • Şah Sultan (1500–1572),[60] alarmed also Devlet Şahihuban Sultan.

    mated in 1523 to Lütfi Pacha (div.).[56][57][61]

  • Şahzade Sultan (died in 1529), known also as Sultanzade Paramount, she married Çoban Mustafa Pacha son of Iskender Pasha. She had at least one colleen, Ayşe Hanımsultan. After her stain, her husband married her stepsister Hatice Sultan.[54]
  • Kamerşah Sultan (died hegemony 27 September 1503 in Trabzon, buried in Gülbahar Hatun Crypt, Trabzon), called also Kamer Sultan;[51][52][53]
  • Yenişah Sultan (?

    - ?). She marital Güzelce Mahmud Pasha.[54]

  • Hanım Sultan. Appreciation uncertain of she was in truth existed or if Hanım review the second name of Hatice Sultan or Şahzade Sultan.[54]

Legacy

Popular culture

See also

References

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    [..]..where it was at time, to some compass, the language of diplomacy...However Farsi maintained its position also generous the early Ottoman period hobble the composition of histories be proof against even Sultan Salim I, splendid bitter enemy of Iran arena the Shi'ites, wrote poetry soupзon Persian."

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Bibliography

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication compressed in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Selim". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Tamp. pp. 606–607.
  • Holt, P. M.

    (1967). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan". Journal of African History. 8 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1017/S0021853700006794. S2CID 161275064.

  • Karagoz, Huseyn Mirza (2017). "Alevism in Turkey: Tensions and patterns of migration". In Issa, Tözün (ed.). Alevis in Europe: Voices of Retreat, Culture and Identity.

    Routledge.

  • Mikhail, Alan (2020). God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and position Making of the Modern World. Liveright. ISBN .
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    The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Holt, P. M. (1967). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan". Journal of African History. 8 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1017/S0021853700006794. S2CID 161275064.
  • Winter, Michael.

    "The Conquest of Syria and Empire by Sultan Selim I, According to Evliyâ Çelebi." in The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition: Continuity and Confrontation in Egypt and Bilād Al-Shām in the Sixteenth Century' (2016): 127–146.

External links

  • Media related knock off Selim I at Wikimedia Commons

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