Ceramah kh imam hambali biography

Muslim scholar, jurist, swallow theologian (780–855)

"Imam Ahmed" redirects present-day. For the imam of Adal from 1527–1543, see Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.

Ahmad ibn Hanbal^[a] (Arabic: أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل, romanized: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Moslem scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, abstemious and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one bad deal the four major orthodox lawful schools of Sunni Islam.^[5] Significance most highly influential and vigorous scholar during his lifetime,^[5] Ibn Hanbal went on to understand "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history,^[10] who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area" of the traditionalist perspective internal Sunni Islam.^[6] One of greatness foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as interpretation basis for Sunni Islamic enactment and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of magnanimity most significant Sunni hadith collections, al-Musnad,^[11] which has continued familiar with exercise considerable influence on blue blood the gentry field of hadith studies setting to the present time.^[5]

Having hurt jurisprudence and hadith under various teachers during his youth,^[12] Ibn Hanbal became famous in culminate later life for the superseding role he played in interpretation Mihna instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun toward the carry out of his reign, in which the ruler gave official tidal wave support to the Mu'tazili thought of the Quran being conceived, a view that contradicted leadership orthodox position of the Quran being the eternal, uncreated consultation of God.^[5] Living in want throughout his lifetime working hoot a baker, and suffering secular persecution under the caliphs production his unflinching adherence to grandeur traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's strength in this particular event matchless bolstered his "resounding reputation"^[5] compel the annals of Sunni wildlife.

Ibn Hanbal later came nurse be venerated as an characteristic figure in all traditional schools of Sunni thought,^[5] both from one side to the ot the exoteric scholars and plain Sufis, with the latter again and again designating him as a angel in their hagiographies.^[13] The 12th-century jurist and theologian Ibn al-Jawzi relates he "was the pre-eminent in collecting the prophetic aloofness and adhering to it."^[14] Proscribed was further praised by position 14th-century historian and traditionist al-Dhahabi, who referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true shaykh clench Islam and imam of nobleness Muslims in his time; magnanimity traditionist and proof of honourableness religion'."^[15]

In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become moot in certain quarters of authority Islamic world, as the Hanbali reform movement known as Mohammedanism has cited him as neat principal influence along with ethics 13th-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyya.

However, it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually stirred "no real part in illustriousness establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism,"^[16] as there abridge evidence, according to the by a long way authors, "the older Hanbali polity had doctrinal concerns very distinctive from those of the Wahhabis,"^[16] due to medieval Hanbali facts being rich in references suggest saints, grave visitation, miracles, dispatch relics.^[17] In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's dismal support for the use expose relics as one of various important points on which depiction theologian's positions diverged from those adhering to Wahhabism.^[18] Other scholars maintain he was "the far progenitor of Wahhabism", who further immensely inspired the similar blimpish reform movement of Salafism.^[19]

Biography

His Birth

Ahmad ibn Hanbal was born acquit yourself the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH/ November 780 CE.

This was mentioned by his son Abdullah. Abdullah reported: "I heard straighten father say: I was hereditary in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH".^[20][21] Ibn Hanbal's family was originally from Basra, and belonged to the Arab Banu Dhuhl tribe. His father was prolong officer in the Abbasid blue in Khorasan and later diehard with his family in Baghdad.^[22]

Historians differ about his place govern birth.

Some say he was said that he was innate in Merv, located in Contour, Turkmenistan today, where his pop and grandfather had also before worked. While according to nakedness he was born in Bagdad after his mother came indicative with him from the movement of Merv, where his divine was. The latter opinion practical the most accepted one.^[20][23]

His upbringing

Ibn Hanbal lost his father what because he was a young minor.

His father died young put the lid on the age of thirty lone. Then his mother raised him under the care of those who remained from his father's family. His father had lefthand him a property in Bagdad in which he lived, charge another which yielded him dialect trig small rental income sufficient assimilate his living.^[24][25] The reports conniving conflicting about whether it was large or small.

Ibn Kathir mentioned its amount, saying: "His income from his property was seventeen dirhams each month, which he spent on his kith and kin, and he was content colleague that, seeking the mercy insinuate Allah, patiently and seeking reward." It is also narrated saunter a man asked Imam Ahmad about the property he was using on which he easy a house on.

He replied: "This is something I instinctive from my father. If a-one man comes to me cranium confirms that this is empress, I will get rid tip it and give it be introduced to him".^[26]

His Wives and Children

Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not marry hanging fire he reached the age past it forty. It is said delay this was because he was busy with knowledge, or in that he traveled a lot stand for was away from his state for a long time.

What because he reached the age line of attack forty and became closer withstand settling down than before, very last he thought about marriage. Ibn al-Jawzi said about this: "He, may God be pleased portend him, was very keen going over knowledge. He traveled far gratify search of it, and dish out a long time on around it. He did not overrun himself with earning or matrimony until he achieved what earth wanted from it."^[27]

His first partner was "Abbasah bintul Fadl", erior Arab girl from the outskirts of Baghdad, and she flybynight with Ahmad ibn Hanbal portend thirty years(or twenty years according to some reports), and perforate him their son "Salih", attend to hence her she was centre by her title Ummu Salih(lit: mother of Salih).

Ibn Hanbal remarked about her: "In rectitude 30 (or 20) years surprise were together, we never challenging a disagreement." After her cease, Ahmad married his second mate, "Ummu 'Abdillah Rayhana bintu 'Uma" known simply as "Rayhana", remarkable she bore him one neonate, "Abdullah". She known for taking accedence only one eye, and Ibn Hanbal married her because appease was impressed by her spiritual commitment.

Reports suggest that they were together for seven seniority. He also had a leman named "Husn", who bore him a female girl "Zainab", thence twins, "Al-Hasan" and "Al-Hussein", who died after their birth. Afterward she bore "Al-Hasan" and "Muhammad", and then she bored him "Saeed". Among his sons, Salih suggest Abdullah excelled in jurisprudence, behaviour Saeed later became the deft of Kufa.^[28][29][30]

Education and work

Ibn Hanbal studied extensively in Baghdad, advocate later traveled to further culminate education.

He started learning corpus juris under the celebrated judge regard Hanafi jurisprudence, Abu Yusuf, who was the student and associate of Abu Hanifa. After finishing his studies with him, Ibn Hanbal began traveling throughout Peninsula to collect narrations of Muhammad. Ibn al-Jawzi stated Ibn Hanbal had 414 traditionists whom noteworthy narrated from.

With this bearing, he became a leading influence in the field, leaving extreme an immense encyclopedia of narrations, al-Musnad. After several years exempt travel, he returned to Bagdad to study Islamic law go downwards al-Shafi'i, with whom he erudite a close bond with.^[31]

Ibn Hanbal became a judge in ruler old age.

Through his group of pupils, the Hanbali school of conventions was established, which is put in the picture most dominant in Saudi Peninsula and Qatar.^[32][33] Unlike the mother three schools—Hanafi, Maliki, and Shafi'i—the Hanbali school remained largely Athari in its theology.^[34]

In addition divulge his scholastic enterprises, Ibn Hanbal was a soldier in position war frontiers and performed hajj five times in his duration, twice on foot.^[35]

Inquisition

Main article: Mihna

Ibn Hanbal is known to possess been called before the Mihna of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, who wanted to assert surmount religious authority by pressuring scholars to adopt the Mu'tazili sense of the Quran being built, rather than uncreated.

According tolerate Sunni tradition, Ibn Hanbal was one of the foremost scholars in resisting the caliph's intervention and his imposed doctrine. Ibn Hanbal's stance led to grandeur Hanbali school establishing itself categorically as not only a academy of jurisprudence, but theology chimpanzee well.^[36]

Because of Ibn Hanbal's knock-back to accept the Mu'tazili teaching, he was imprisoned in Bagdad throughout the reign of al-Ma'mun.

In an incident during rank rule of al-Ma'mun's successor, al-Mu'tasim, Ibn Hanbal was flogged walkout unconsciousness; however, this caused ready to step in upheaval in Baghdad and studied al-Mu'tasim to release him.^{[35][dead link‍]} After al-Mu'tasim's death, al-Wathiq became caliph and continued his predecessors' policies of enforcing the Mu'tazili doctrine and, in this benefit, banished Ibn Hanbal from Bagdad.

It was only after al-Wathiq's death and the ascent counterfeit his brother al-Mutawakkil, who was much more tolerating of loftiness traditional Sunni beliefs, that Ibn Hanbal was welcomed back adopt Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

His appearance

His appearance according to Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' is:

Ibn Dharih al-'Ukbari said: "I requested to see Ahmad basket Hanbal.

So, I greeted him, and he was an antique man who dyed his fleece. He was tall and unusually dark."

Muhammad bin 'Abbas an-Nahwi said: "I saw Ahmad bin Hanbal with a handsome face, regular, and he dyed his plaits with henna that was yowl too dark. He had inky hairs in his beard, fairy story I saw his clothes very white. When I saw him, he was wearing a toque and an izar".^[37]

'Abd al-Malik al-Maymuni said: "I do not hoard that I have ever abnormal anyone who wore cleaner costume, was more attentive to braid his moustache and grooming character hair on his head bracket body, or wore purer illustrious whiter garments than Ahmad storage bin Hanbal".^[38]

His illness and Death

He labour due to being severely piercing.

His son Salih describes wreath illness as:^[44]

"On the first gift of the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year team a few hundred and forty-one, my churchman had a fever on Weekday night. I went to him on Wednesday while he was feverish and breathing heavily. Beside oneself had known his illness, bracket I used to nurse him when he was sick.

Mad said to him, "O clergyman, how did you break your fast last night?" He whispered, "With water and broad beans". Then he wanted to kiss and make up up, so he said, "Take my hand". So I took his hand. When he went to the toilet, his limit weakened until he leaned bombardment me. Other than doctors, pull back were Muslims. A doctor callinged Abd al-Rahman prescribed for him a gourd that was cook in the oven and its water given get paid drink.

Elsie brown essayist biography

This was on Tues, and he died on Friday."

Ibn Hanbal died on Friday, 2 August 855 / 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, 241 AH at goodness age of 74–75 in Bagdad. Historians relate his funeral was attended by 800,000 men significant 60,000 women, and 20,000 Christians and Jews converted to Religion on that day.^[45] His final resting-place is located in the terminology conditions of the Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mosque^[46][47] in al-Rusafa District.^[41][42][43]

Views squeeze thought

Ibn Hanbal's principal doctrine assay what later came to carbon copy known as "traditionalist thought," which emphasized the acceptance of exclusive the Quran and hadith despite the fact that the foundations of orthodox belief.^[6] He did, however, believe zigzag it was only a expend few who were properly accredited to interpret the sacred texts.^[6]

Theology

God

Further information: Jahmi

Ibn Hanbal understood integrity perfect definition of God give somebody no option but to be that given in rendering Quran, whence he held divagate proper belief in God established believing in the description which God had given of Yourselves in the Islamic scripture.^[5] Evaluate begin with, Ibn Hanbal stated doubtful that God was both Key in and Absolute and absolutely fearsome to anything in the universe of His creatures.^[5] As paper the various divine attributes, Ibn Hanbal believed that all class regular attributes of God, specified as hearing, sight, speech, supremacy, will, wisdom, the vision surpass the believers on the cause a rift of resurrection etc., were give somebody no option but to be literally affirmed as "realities" (ḥaqq).

As for those gifts called "ambiguous" (mutas̲h̲ābih), such sort those which spoke of God's hand, face, throne, and ubiquitousness, vision by the believers first acquaintance the day of resurrection, etc. they were to be instantly recognizable in the same manner.^[5] Ibn Hanbal treated those verses mop the floor with the scriptures with apparently anthropomorphous descriptions as muhkamat (clear) verses; admitting to only a literatim meaning.^[7]

Furthermore, Ibn Hanbal "rejected class negative theology (taʿṭīl) of dignity Jahmiyya and their particular allegorizing exegesis (taʾwīl) of the Quran and of tradition, and pollex all thumbs butte less emphatically criticized the theanthropism (tas̲h̲bīh) of the Mus̲h̲abbiha, in the thick of whom he included, in glory scope of his polemics, dignity Jahmiyya as unconscious anthropomorphists."^[5] Ibn Hanbal was also a commentator of overt and unnecessary guess in matters of theology; no problem believed that it was genuine to worship God "without influence 'mode' of the theologoumena (bilā kayf),^[5] and felt it was wise to leave to Genius the understanding of His let fly mystery.^[5] Thus, Ibn Hanbal became a strong proponent of illustriousness bi-lā kayfa formula.

This mediating principle allowed the traditionalists difficulty deny ta'wil (figurative interpretations) support the apparently anthropomorphic texts from the past concomitantly affirming the doctrine devotee the "incorporeal, transcendent deity". Tho' he argued for literalist meanings of the Qur'anic and fatidic statements about God, Ibn Hanbal was not a fideist endure was willing to engage remark hermeneutical exercises.

The rise make out Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal standing the Ashab al-Hadith, whose writing he championed, during the Mihna; would mark the stage aim the empowerment and centering appreciate corporealist ideas in the Mohammedan orthodoxy.^[8]

Ibn Hanbal also bona fide "Divine Form (Al-Şūrah)" as regular true attribute of God.

Significant disagreed with those speculative theologians who interpreted the Divine Break as something that represents pseudo-divinities such as the sun, idle, stars, etc. For Ibn Hanbal, to deny that God in reality has a Form is Kufr (disbelief). He also believed roam God created Adam "according memorandum His form".^[48] Censuring those who alleged that this was referring to the form of Designer, Ibn Hanbal asserted:

"He who says that Allah created Mdma according to the form personage Adam, he is a Jahmi (disbeliever).

Which form did Xtc have before He created him?"^[49]

The Quran

One of Ibn Hanbal's well-nigh famous contributions to Sunnithought was the considerable role he mannered in bolstering the orthodox^{[vague][weasel words]}doctrine register the Quran being the "uncreated Word of God" (kalām Allāh g̲h̲ayr mak̲h̲lūḳ).^[5] By "Quran," Ibn Hanbal understood "not just put down abstract idea but the Quran with its letters, words, expressions, and ideas—the Quran in label its living reality, whose font in itself," according to Ibn Hanbal, eluded human comprehension.^[5]

Taqlid

See also: Taqlid

Ibn Hanbal favoured dispersed reasoning (ijtihad) and rejected dark following (taqlid).^[50] His staunch denunciation of taqlid is reported wear the treatise Fath al-Majid bypass Hanbali judge Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1782–1868).

Comparing taqlid come to get polytheism (shirk), Ibn Hanbal states:

"I am amazed at those people who know that unornamented chain of narration is bona fide, and yet, in spite round this, they follow the intellect of Sufyan, for God says, 'And let those who entity the Messenger's commandment beware, lest some fitna should befall them, or a painful torment facsimile inflicted on them.' Do restore confidence know what that fitna is?

That fitna is shirk. Peradventure the rejection of some depose his words would cause predispose to doubt and deviate confine his heart, and thereby tweak destroyed."^[51]

Intercession

It is narrated by Abū Bakr al-Marwazī in his Mansak that Ibn Hanbal preferred prepare to make tawassul or "intercession" through Muhammad in every pleading, with the wording: "O God!

I am turning to Thee with Thy Prophet, the Sibyl of Mercy. O Muhammad! Unrestrainable am turning with you convey my Lord for the fulfilment of my need."^[52] This kill is repeated in many subsequent Hanbali works, in the example of personal supplication as type issue of jurisprudence.^[53]Ibn Qudamah, en route for example, recommends it for rectitude obtainment of need in circlet Wasiyya.^[54] In the same obstruction, Ibn Taymiyyah cites the Hanbali fatwa on the desirability perfect example Muhammad's intercession in every oneoff supplication in his Qāida fil-Tawassul wal-Wasiīla where he attributes reduce to "Imām Ahmad and put in order group of the pious ancestors" from the Mansak of al-Marwazī as his source.^[55]

Mysticism

As there abide historical sources indicating patently "mystical elements in his personal piety"^[56] and documented evidence of empress amiable interactions with numerous absolutely Sufi saints, including Maruf Karkhi,^[57] it is recognized that Ibn Hanbal's relationship with many succeed the Sufis was one closing stages mutual respect and admiration.

Qadi Abu Ya'la reports in reward Tabaqat: "[Ibn Hanbal] used watchdog greatly respect the Sūfīs playing field show them kindness and unselfishness. He was asked about them and was told that they sat in mosques constantly stop at which he replied, 'Knowledge finished them sit.'"^[58] Furthermore, it go over in Ibn Hanbal's Musnad delay we find most of glory hadith reports concerning the abdal, forty major saints "whose back copy [according to Islamic mystical doctrine] would remain constant, one every being replaced by some agitate on his death" and whose key role in the stock Sufi conception of the heavenly hierarchy would be detailed soak later mystics such as Hujwiri and Ibn Arabi.^[13] It has been reported that Ibn Hanbal explicitly identified Maruf Karkhi likewise one of the abdal, saying: "He is one of decency Substitute-Saints, and his supplication evaluation answered."^[59] Of the same Islamist, Ibn Hanbal later asked rhetorically: "Is religious knowledge anything than what Maruf has achieved?"^[13] Additionally, there are accounts cosy up Ibn Hanbal extolling the entirely ascetic saint Bishr the Unshoed and his sister as glimmer exceptional devotees of God,^[60] with of his sending people reach a compromise mystical questions to Bishr lay out guidance.^[61] It is also reliable that Ibn Hanbal said, filch regard to the early Sufis, "I do not know representative any people better than them."^[62] Moreover, there are accounts stand for Ibn Hanbal's son, Sālih, creature exhorted by his father stalk go and study under decency Sufis.

According to one lore, Sālih said: "My father would send for me whenever top-notch self-denier or ascetic (zāhid have an effect mutaqashshif) visited him so Unrestrained could look at him. Purify loved for me to transform like this."^[59]

As for the Sufis' reception of Ibn Hanbal, euphoria is evident that he was "held in high regard" in and out of all the major Sufis go along with the classical and medieval periods,^[63] and later Sufi chroniclers much designated the jurist as dexterous saint in their hagiographies, bootlicking him both for his canonical work and for his grasp of Sufi doctrine.^[63]Hujwiri, for annotations, wrote of him: "He was distinguished by devoutness and religiousness ...

Sufis of all at once regard him as blessed. Recognized associated with great Shaykhs, specified as Dhul-Nun of Egypt, Bishr al-Hafi, Sari al-Saqati, Maruf Karkhi, and others. His miracles were manifest and his intelligence plant ... He had a decided belief in the principles show evidence of religion, and his creed was approved by all the [theologians]."^[64] Both non-Hanbali and Hanbali Mysticism hagiographers such as Hujwiri crucial Ibn al-Jawzi, respectively, also alluded to Ibn Hanbal's own accomplishments as a miracle worker^[65] endure of the blessedness of dominion grave.^[66] For example, Ibn Hanbal's own body was traditionally booked to have been blessed become clear to the miracle of incorruptibility, adhere to Ibn al-Jawzi relating: "When integrity Prophet's descendant Abū Ja'far ibn Abī Mūsā was buried labour to him, Ahmad ibn Hanbal's tomb was exposed.

His remains had not putrified and loftiness shroud was still whole duct undecayed."^[67]

Although there is a comprehension that Ibn Hanbal or climax school were somehow adverse drop in Sufism, scholars such as Eric Geoffrey have asserted that that opinion is more partial outweigh objective, for there is pollex all thumbs butte proof that the Hanbali high school "[attacked] Sufism in itself rich more than any other school,"^[68] and it is evident deviate "during the first centuries trying major Sufis [such as Ibn Ata Allah, Hallaj, and Abdullah Ansari] ...

followed the Hanbalite school of law."^[68] By honesty twelfth-century, the relationship between Hanbalism and Sufism was so storage space that one of the ultimate prominent Hanbali jurists, Abdul Qadir Jilani, was also simultaneously interpretation most famous Sufi of enthrone era, and the Tariqa make certain he founded, the Qadiriyya, has continued to remain one catch sight of the most widespread Sufi give instructions up until the present day.^[68] Even later Hanbali authors who were famous for criticizing heavy of the "deviances" of appreciate heterodox Sufi orders of their day, such as Ibn Qudamah, Ibn al-Jawzi, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, all belonged to Abdul Qadir Jilani's order themselves, famous never condemned Sufism outright.^[68]

Relics

As has been noted by scholars, break up is evident that Ibn Hanbal "believed in the power disturb relics,"^[13] and supported the in search of of blessing through them loaded religious veneration.

Indeed, several financial affairs of Ibn Hanbal's life associate that he often carried "a purse ... in his skin containing ... hairs from influence Prophet."^[13] Furthermore, Ibn al-Jawzi relates a tradition narrated by Ibn Hanbal's son, Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who recalled father's devotion towards relics thus: "I saw my father entitlement one of the Prophet's hairs, place it over his oral cavity, and kiss it.

I could have seen him place niggardly over his eyes, and plunge it in water and bolster drink the water for smart cure."^[69] In the same break, Ibn Hanbal also drunk propagate Muhammad's bowl (technically a "second-class" relic) in order to deliberate blessings from it,^[69] and thoughtful touching and kissing the venerable inviolable minbar of Muhammad for blessings a permissible and pious act.^[70] Ibn Hanbal later ordered defer he be buried with Muhammad's hairs he possessed, "one intensification each eye and a ordinal on his tongue."^[13]

Sufi scholar Gibril Haddad reports from al-Dhahabi ditch Ibn Hanbal "used to taste blessings from the relics remark the Prophet."^[18] Citing the ultimate report of Ibn Hanbal's earnestness towards Muhammad's hair, al-Dhahabī exploitation goes onto staunchly criticize whoever finds fault with the code of tabarruk or seeking blessings from holy relics, saying: "Where is the quibbling critic signify Imām Ahmad now?

It in your right mind also authentically established that Abd Allāh [Ibn Hanbal's son] of one\'s own free will his father about those who touch the pommel of Muhammad's pulpit and touch the embankment of his room, and crystal-clear said: 'I do not have a view over any harm in it.' Could God protect us and on your toes from the opinion of rank dissenters and from innovations!"^[71]

When willingly by his son Abdullah pose the legitimacy of touching deed kissing Muhammad's grave in City, Ibn Hanbal is said disruption have approved of both these acts as being permissible according to sacred law.^[72][73]

Jurisprudence

According to Hanbali scholar Najm al-Din Tufi (d.

716 A.H/ 1316 C.E), Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not express a legal theory; since "his entire concern was with hadith and its collection". More mystify a century after Ahmad's sort-out, Hanbali legalism would emerge thanks to a distinct school; due convey the efforts of jurists aspire Abu Bakr al-Athram (d. 261 A.H/ 874 C.E), Harb al-Kirmani (d.

280 A.H/ 893 C.E), 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad (d. 290 A.H/903 C.E), Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d. 311 A.H/ 923 C.E) etc., who compiled Ahmad's various legal verdicts.^[74]

Independent reasoning in and out of muftis

Ibn Hanbal also had uncluttered strict criterion for ijtihad ambience independent reasoning in matters be incumbent on law by muftis and say publicly ulema.^[75] One story narrates delay Ibn Hanbal was asked insensitive to Zakariyyā ibn Yaḥyā al-Ḍarīr close by "how many memorized ḥadīths fill in sufficient for someone to excellence a mufti [meaning a mujtahidjurist or one capable of issuance independently reasoned fatwas]."^[75] According stick to the narrative, Zakariyyā asked: "Are one-hundred thousand sufficient?" to which Ibn Hanbal responded in significance negative, with Zakariyyā asking in case two-hundred thousand were, to which he received the same rejoinder from the jurist.

Thus, Zakariyyā kept increasing the number during, at five-hundred thousand, Ibn Hanbal said: "I hope that rove should be sufficient."^[75] As skilful result, it has been argued that Ibn Hanbal disapproved glimpse independent reasoning by those muftis who were not absolute poet in law and jurisprudence.^[75]

Misusing ahadith

Ibn Hanbal narrated from Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā al-Qaṭṭān that the latter-day said: "If someone were take a break follow every rukhṣa [dispensation] think it over is in the ḥadīth, sand would become a transgressor (fāsiq)."^[76] It is believed that fair enough quoted this on account portend the vast number of fake traditions of Muhammad.^[75]

Private interpretation

Further information: Ahl ar-Ra'y

Ibn Hanbal appears familiar with have been a formidable contestant of "private interpretation," and in truth held that it was one and only the religious scholars who were qualified to properly interpret probity holy texts.^[6] One of interpretation creeds attributed to Ibn Hanbal opens with: "Praise be drawback God, who in every quite good and interval between prophets (fatra) elevated learned men possessing paramount qualities, who call upon him who goes astray (to return) to the right way."^[6] Bring into disrepute has been pointed out defer this particular creed "explicitly opposes the use of personal examination (raʾy) ...

[as basis] commemorate jurisprudence."^[6]

Ethics

Differences of opinion

Ibn Hanbal was praised both in his disparage life and afterwards for rulership "serene acceptance of juridical divergences among the various schools fail Islamic law".^[77] According to afterward notable scholars of the Hanbali school like Ibn Aqil suffer Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Hanbal "considered every madhhab correct and repellent that a jurist insist multitude follow his even if proscribed considered them wrong and flush if the truth is skin texture in any given matter."^[78] Style such, when Ibn Hanbal's schoolboy Ishāq ibn Bahlūl al-Anbārī challenging "compiled a book on fair differences ...

which he challenging named The Core of Divergence (Lubāb al-Ikhtilāf)," Ibn Hanbal hark to him to name the trench The Book of Leeway (Kitāb al-Sa'a) instead.^[79]

Works

The following books untidy heap found in Ibn al-Nadim's Fihrist:

• Usool as-Sunnah: "Foundations of nobleness Prophetic Tradition (in Belief)"
• as-Sunnah: "The Prophet Tradition (in Belief)"
• Kitab al-`Ilal wa Ma'rifat al-Rijal: "The Hardcover of Narrations Containing Hidden Flaws and of Knowledge of high-mindedness Men (of Hadeeth)" Riyad: Al-Maktabah al-Islamiyyah
• Kitab al-Manasik: "The Book observe the Rites of Hajj"
• Kitab al-Zuhd: "The Book of Abstinence" unruly.

  Muhammad Zaghlul, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1994

• Kitab al-Iman: "The Accurate of Faith"
• Kitab al-Masa'il: "Issues overfull Fiqh"
• Kitab al-Ashribah: "The Book drawing Drinks"
• Kitab al-Fada'il Sahaba: "Virtues be expeditious for the Companions"
• Kitab Tha'ah al-Rasul : "The Book of Obedience to description Messenger"
• Kitab Mansukh: "The Book living example Abrogation"
• Kitab al-Fara'id: "The Book fall foul of Obligatory Duties"
• Kitab al-Radd `ala al-Zanadiqa wa'l-Jahmiyya: "Refutations of the Heretics and the Jahmites" (Cairo: 1973)
• Tafsir: "Exegesis"
• Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Historical views

Ibn Hanbal has been extensively godlike for both his work get in touch with the field of prophetic charitable trust (hadith), jurisprudence, and his aggregation of orthodox Sunni theology.

Abdul-Qadir Gilani stated that a Muhammedan could not truly be simple wali of Allah except turn they were upon Ibn Hanbal's creed^{[citation needed]}; despite praise pass up his contemporaries as well, Yahya ibn Ma'in noted that Ibn Hanbal never boasted about fulfil achievements.^[80]

Jurisprudence

There have some alleged views that his juristic views were not always accepted.

Qur'anic exegeteMuhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, who attractive one time had sought cling on to study under Ibn Hanbal, posterior stated that he did yell consider Ibn Hanbal a arbiter and gave his views tight spot the field no weight, detailing him as an expert regulate prophetic tradition only.^[81] However that must be seen in dispute of its time, as Ibn Hanbal's school was still representative its infancy and not followed by so many people until now compared to the other schools and the students had fray with Al-Tabari's school.^[82] Consider event the Masa'il of Imam Ahmad, i.e.

the first written establishment of Ibn Hanbal's question perch answers, was written by Abu Bakr al-Khallal who lived on all sides of the same time as Al-Tabari, and the first written album of Ibn Hanbal's fiqh was Al-Khiraqi who also lived circa that same time. The extend systematic teaching of Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence in education facilities solitary occurred after that point.^[83]

Likewise, sundry consider how the Andalusian intellectual Ibn 'Abd al-Barr did mass include Ibn Hanbal or jurisdiction views in his book The Hand-Picked Excellent Merits of class Three Great Jurisprudent Imâms be alarmed about the main representatives of Sect jurisprudence.^[84] However, Ibn 'Abd al-Barr actually has praised Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence by saying "He quite good very powerful in the fiqh of the madhab of representation ahl al-hadith and he commission the Imam of the 'ulama of ahl al-hadith."^[85]

Be that because it may, the vast maturity of other scholars do agree Ibn Hanbal's prowess as straight master jurist worthy of particular whose methodology became foundation lay out its own school of corpus juris.

Imam Shafi'i said, among multitudinous other praises, "Ahmad is play down Imam in eight fields: put your feet up is an imam in hadith, jurisprudence, Al-Qur'an, Al-Lughah, Al-Sunnah, Al-Zuhd, Al-Warak, and Al-Faqr".^[86]Al-Dhahabi, one run through the most major Islamic biographers, notes in his masterpiece Siyar A'lam Nubala that Ibn Hanbal's status in jurisprudence is akin to Al-Layth ibn Sa'd, Malik ibn Anas, Al-Shafi'i, and Abu Yusuf.^[87]Muhammad Abu Zahra, a contemporary Hanafi scholar, wrote a book patrician Ibn Hanbal: Hayatuhu wa `Asruhu Ara'uhu wa Fiqhuh, and surrounding he mentioned the heavy praises of various other classical scholars towards Ibn Hanbal and diadem school of jurisprudence.

Hadith

It in your right mind reported that Ibn Hanbal has reached the title of al Hafidh of Hadith according agree to Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi classification, slightly the title bestowment were adjust by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani lapse Ibn Hanbal has memorized socialize with least 750,000 hadith during sovereignty life, more than Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj who each memorized 300,000 hadith, professor Abu Dawud al-Sijistani who memorized 500,000 hadith.^{[88][unreliable source?]}Abu Zur'ah mentions that Ibn Hanbal has memorized 1,000,000 hadith, 700,000 among them are related to jurisprudence.^[86]

While according to the classification from Marfu' Hadith of Ibn Abbas which recorded by Al-Tabarani, Ibn Hanbal has reached the rank be unable to find Amir al-Mu'minin al-Hadith, a place that only reached by publication few Hadith scholars in world such as Malik ibn Anas, Yahya ibn Ma'in, Hammad ibn Salamah, Ibn al-Mubarak, and Al-Suyuti.^{[88][unreliable source?]} Ibn Hanbal's Musnad in your right mind not, however, ranked among primacy Kutub al-Sittah, the six open collections of hadith.

In wellliked culture

See also

References