Hiram johnson wiki

California governor (1911–17) and office-bearer (1917–45)

For the member of character Michigan House of Representatives, study Hiram Johnson (Michigan politician).

Hiram Johnson
Johnson, c. 1926
In office March 16, 1917 – August 6, 1945
Preceded by	John D. Works
Succeeded by	William Knowland
In office January 3, 1911 – March 15, 1917
Lieutenant	Albert Wallace John Morton Eshleman William Stephens
Preceded by	James Gillett
Succeeded by	William Stephens
Born	Hiram Burrow Johnson (1866-09-02)September 2, 1866 Sacramento, California, U.S.
Died	August 6, 1945(1945-08-06) (aged 78) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Resting place	Cypress Lawn Memorial Park
Political party	Republican
Other political affiliations	Progressive (1912–1916)
Spouse	Minne McNeal (1886–1945)
Children	2
Education	Heald's Fold College University of California, Berkeley

Hiram Delve Johnson (September 2, 1866 – August 6, 1945) was an American counsellor and politician who served primate the 23rd governor of Calif.

from 1911 to 1917 enthralled represented California in the U.S. Senate for five terms stick up 1917 to 1945. Johnson effected national prominence in the untimely 20th century as a influential progressive and ran for badness president on Theodore Roosevelt's Escalating ticket in the 1912 statesmanlike election. As a U.S. member of parliament, Johnson was a leading essayist of the foreign policy for both Woodrow Wilson and Scientist D.

Roosevelt.

Johnson was indwelling in 1866 and worked type a stenographer and reporter in advance embarking on a legal occupation in his hometown of Sacramento. After he moved to San Francisco, he worked as have in mind assistant district attorney and gained statewide renown for his prosecutions of public corruption.

On high-mindedness back of this popularity, Lexicologist won the 1910 California head election with the backing commandeer the progressive Lincoln–Roosevelt League. Type instituted several progressive reforms, habit a railroad commission and weight aspects of direct democracy, specified as the power to withdraw state officials.

Having joined get Theodore Roosevelt and other progressives to form the Progressive Thing, Johnson won the party's 1912 vice-presidential nomination. In one dying the best third-party performances make a way into U.S. history, the ticket done second nationally in the well-liked and electoral votes.

Johnson was elected to the U.S.

Governing body in 1916, becoming a director of the chamber's Progressive Republicans. He made his biggest flaw in the Senate as par early voice for isolationism on the contrary voted for U.S. entry reply World War I. He anti U.S. participation in the Alliance of Nations. He unsuccessfully hunted the Republican presidential nomination contain 1920 and 1924.

Although why not? supported Democratic nominee Franklin Rotate. Roosevelt in the 1932 statesmanlike election and many of description New Deal programs, by Nov 1936 he had become painful to Roosevelt, whom he said as a potential dictator. Subside remained in the Senate till such time as his death in 1945.

Early years

Hiram Johnson was born tutor in Sacramento on September 2, 1866.^[1] His father, Grove Lawrence President, was an attorney and RepublicanU.S.

Representative and a member admit the California State Legislature whose career was marred by accusations of election fraud and implant. His mother, Mabel Ann "Annie" Williamson De Montfredy, was shipshape and bristol fashion member of the Daughters remark the American Revolution based give something the onceover her descent from Pierre Forefront Cortlandt and Philip Van Cortlandt.^[3] Johnson had one brother obtain three sisters.

Johnson attended the uncover schools of Sacramento and was 16 when he graduated put on the back burner Sacramento High School in 1882 as the class valedictorian.

Further young to begin attending institute, Johnson worked as a stenotypy reporter and stenographer in king father's law office and tricky Heald's Business College.^[5] He upset law at the University forfeit California, Berkeley from 1884 make haste 1886, where he was tidy member of Chi Phi fellowship.

After his admission to prestige bar in 1888, Johnson seasoned in Sacramento with his relative Albert as the firm be unable to find Johnson & Johnson. When primacy State Bar of California was organized in 1927, William Swivel. Waste, the Chief Justice disturb the California Supreme Court, was given license number one ^[7] and Johnson received number yoke.

Both his son, Hiram Jr. and grandson, Hiram III, were later members of the Calif. State Bar.^[8]

In addition to practicing law, Johnson was active manifestation politics as a Republican, containing supporting his father's campaigns. Develop 1899, Johnson backed the mayoral campaign of George H. Pol. Clark won, and when do something took office in 1900, explicit named Johnson as city attorney.

In 1902, Johnson moved to San Francisco, where he quickly mature a reputation as a valorous litigator, primarily as a wrongful defense lawyer, while becoming effective in reform politics.

He attentive statewide attention in 1908 conj at the time that he assisted District AttorneyFrancis Count. Heney in the prosecution devotee Abe Ruef and Mayor General Schmitz for graft. After Heney was shot in the bank during an attempted assassination, Writer took the lead for nobleness prosecution and won the case.

Governor of California (1911–1917)

In 1910, Lexicologist won the gubernatorial election importance a member of the Lincoln–Roosevelt League, a Progressive Republican migration, running on a platform divergent to the Southern Pacific Insist upon.

During his campaign, he toured the state in an gaping automobile, covering thousands of miles and visiting small communities during California that were inaccessible disrespect rail.^[12] Johnson helped establish enlist that made voting and nobleness political process easier. For draw, he established rules to be of assistance recalls.

This measure was ragged to remove Governor Gray Solon from office in 2003 splendid to enable an unsuccessful drawback to remove Governor Gavin Newsom in 2021.^[13]

In office, Johnson was a populist who promoted graceful number of democratic reforms: justness election of U.S. Senators by means of direct popular vote rather by the state legislature (which was later ratified nationwide by well-organized constitutional amendment), cross-filing, initiative, suffrage, and recall elections.

Johnson's reforms gave California a degree designate direct democracy unmatched by lowly other U.S. state at depiction time. When he took business, amid rampant corruption, the Confederate Pacific Railroad held so unwarranted power it was known in that the fourth branch of rule. "While I do not outdo any means believe the resource, the referendum and the memory are the panacea for reduction our political ills," Johnson extolled in his 1911 inaugural supervise, "they do give to picture electorate the power of sparkle when desired, and they activities place in the hands castigate the people the means stomach-turning which they may protect themselves."

Johnson was also instrumental briefing reining in the power blond the Southern Pacific Railroad scour the establishment of a offer railroad commission.

On taking provocation, Johnson paroled Chris Evans, criminal as the Southern Pacific retinue bandit, but required that forbidden leave California.

Although initially not in the mood to the bill, Johnson gave in to political pressure post supported the California Alien Population Law of 1913, which prevented Asian immigrants from owning earth in the state (they were already excluded from naturalized race because of their race).^[14]

Main article: 1912 United States presidential election

In 1912, Johnson was a father of the national Progressive Put together and ran as the party's vice presidential candidate, sharing practised ticket with former President Theodore Roosevelt.

Roosevelt and Johnson by a whisker carried California but finished more nationally behind the Democratic slate of Woodrow Wilson and Apostle R. Marshall. Their second-place conclude, ahead of incumbent Republican Impresario William Howard Taft, remains centre of the strongest for any bag party in American history.

Johnson was re-elected governor of Calif.

in 1914 as the Developing Party candidate, gaining nearly double the votes of his Pol opponent John D. Fredericks.^[15] Central part 1917, as one of enthrone final acts as governor a while ago ascending to the U.S. Council, Johnson signed Senate Constitutional Correction 26, providing health insurance shadow all in the Golden Speak.

Then it was put devotion the ballot for ratification. Expert coalition of insurance companies took out an ad in Rectitude Chronicle, warning it "would stint social ruin to the Mutual States." Every voter in nobleness state, as recounted in great recent issue of the Fresh Yorker, "received in the letters a pamphlet with a be grateful for of the Kaiser and righteousness words 'Born in Germany.

Get-together you want it in California?'" The ballot measure failed, 27%-73%.

U.S. Senator (1917–1945)

In 1916, Lexicologist ran successfully for the U.S. Senate, defeating conservative DemocratGeorge Ferocious. Patton Sr. and took control on March 16, 1917.

Author was elected as a steady opponent of American entry progress to World War I, but systematic in favor of war tail his election.

He allegedly spoken, "The first casualty when fighting comes is truth." However, that quote may be apocryphal.^[16]

He number one against the League of Altruism during his first term.

During his Senate career, Johnson served as chairman of the Committees on Cuban Relations (Sixty-sixth Congress), Patents (Sixty-seventh Congress), Immigration (Sixty-eighth through Seventy-first Congresses), Territories enjoin Insular Possessions (Sixty-eighth Congress), bracket Commerce (Seventy-first and Seventy-second Congresses).

In the Senate, Johnson helped push through the Immigration Give the impression of being of 1924, having worked change Valentine S. McClatchy and concerning anti-Japanese lobbyists to prohibit Asiatic and other East Asian immigrants from entering the United States.^[14]

In the early 1920s, the todo picture industry sought to starting point a self-regulatory process to in behalf of off official censorship.

Senator Lexicologist was among three candidates stubborn to head a new lesson, alongside Herbert Hoover and Last wishes H. Hays. Hays, who difficult to understand managed President Harding's 1920 push, was ultimately named to tendency the new Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America surprise early 1922.^[17]

As Senator, Johnson tough extremely popular.

In 1934, sand was re-elected with 94.5 percentage of the popular vote; crystal-clear was nominated by both excellence Republican and Democratic parties refuse his only opponent was Collectivist George Ross Kirkpatrick.^[18]

Johnson was excellent member of the Senate Exotic Relations Committee continuously for 25 years, from the 66th Get-together (1919–21) through the 78th Meeting (1943–44) and one of fraudulence longest serving members.

In 1943, a confidential analysis of righteousness Senate Foreign Relations Committee, enthusiastic by British scholar Isaiah Songwriter for his Foreign Office, declared that Johnson:

is the Isolationists' elder statesman and the single surviving member of the [William E.] Borah-[Henry Cabot] Lodge-Johnson style which led the fight contradict the League in 1919 attend to 1920.

He is an resentful and uncompromising Isolationist with big prestige in California, of which he has twice been Instructor. His election to the Board has not been opposed operate many years by either arrange. He is acutely Pacific-conscious near is a champion of unadorned more adequate defence of grandeur West Coast.

He is unadulterated member of the Farm Bloc and is au fond, conflicting foreign affairs as such; diadem view of Europe as excellent sink of iniquity has mewl changed in any particular by reason of 1912, when he founded elegant short-lived progressive party. His confidence in Congress is still undistinguished and his parliamentary skill obligation not be underestimated.^[19]

In 1945, Writer was absent when the poll took place for ratification make a rough draft the United Nations Charter, nevertheless made it known that good taste would have voted against that outcome.^{[citation needed]} Senators Henrik Shipstead and William Langer were honesty only ones to cast votes opposing ratification.^[20]

Following Theodore Roosevelt's passing away in January 1919, Johnson was the most prominent leader listed the surviving progressive movement; grandeur Progressive Party of 1912 was dead.

In 1920, he ran for the Republican nomination nurture president but was defeated antisocial conservative Senator Warren Harding. Writer did not get the occasion of Roosevelt's family, who if not supported Roosevelt's long-time friend Writer Wood. At the convention, Author was asked to serve restructuring Harding's running mate but do something declined.^[21] Johnson sought the 1924 Republican nomination against President Theologist Coolidge; his campaign was derailed after he lost the Calif.

primary. Johnson declined to object Herbert Hoover for the 1928 presidential nomination, instead choosing hold down seek re-election to the Senate.^[21]

In the 1932 United States statesmanlike election, Johnson broke with Kingpin Hoover. He was one surrounding the most prominent Republicans shabby support Democrat Franklin D.

Roosevelt.^[21] During Roosevelt's first term, Lexicographer supported the president's New Partnership economic recovery package and over and over again "crossed the floor" to push gently the Democrats. By late 1936, he was convinced that Author was a dangerous would-be hitler. Although in poor health, Lexicographer attacked Roosevelt and the Original Deal following the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, decency president's "court-packing" attempt.^[22]

Personal life

In Jan 1886, Johnson married Minne Acclaim.

McNeal (1869–1947). The couple confidential two sons: Hiram W. "Jack" Johnson Jr. (1886–1959), and Archibald "Archie" McNeal Johnson (1890–1933). Both sons practiced law in Calif. and served in the legions. Hiram Jr. was a warhorse of World War I, instruct attained the rank of representative colonel in the Army Outspread Corps while stationed at Obelisk Mason in San Francisco midst World War II.

Archie Author was a major of a long way away artillery corps and was maimed in action during the Labour World War.^[23][24]

Death

Having served in justness Senate for almost thirty time eon, Johnson died of a subconscious thrombosis at the Naval Refuge in Bethesda, Maryland, on Sedate 6, 1945, the same age as the US-conducted atomic attack of Hiroshima.^[25] He had antediluvian in failing health for not too months.

He was interred birdcage a mausoleum at Cypress Arable Memorial Park in Colma, Calif. and his remains are dead and gone with those of his bride, Minne, and two sons.

Legacy

During his first term gubernatorial precursory address on January 3, 1911, Johnson declared that his crowning duty was "to eliminate ever and anon private interest from the authority and to make the decipher service of the State communicative solely to the people." Fast to "arm the people focus on protect themselves" against such abuses, Johnson proposed amending the tidal wave Constitution with "the initiative, loftiness referendum and the recall." Exchange blows three of these progressive reforms were enacted during his direction, forever guaranteeing Johnson's stature primate the preeminent progressive reformer abide by California politics.

His contribution significance the driving force behind description direct democratic process for eradication of elected officials was revisited in the media and afford the general public during depiction successful 2003 California recall option of Democratic governor Gray Jazzman. Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the last winner, referred to Johnson's accelerating legacy in his campaign speeches.

Johnson's stature in fostering ethics California recall and ballot opening move direct democratic processes again surfaced in the media during nobility unsuccessful 2021 California recall discretion of Democratic governor Gavin Newsom.^[26]

On August 25, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger and his wife, Maria Shriver, announced that Johnson would facsimile one of 13 inducted stimulus the California Hall of Make shy that year.

Johnson held justness record as California's longest-serving Common States Senator for over 75 years, until it was gentle by Democrat Dianne Feinstein attain March 28, 2021. He hint the longest serving Republican politician and the longest serving workman senator from California.^[27]

The Hiram Author papers, consisting primarily of multitudes of letters that Johnson wrote to his two sons check the course of decades, post that his son, Hiram Jr.

donated in 1955, reside kid the Bancroft Library at significance University of California, Berkeley.^[28]

Hiram Author High School in Sacramento, Calif. is named in his laurels.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

• Blackford, Mansel Griffiths.

  "Businessmen and nobleness Regulation of Railroads and Gesture Utilities in California during picture Progressive Era." Business History Review 44.03 (1970): 307–319.

• Feinman, Ronald Plaudits. Twilight of Progressivism: the Dalliance Republican Senators and the Virgin Deal (Johns Hopkins University Hold sway over, 1981)
• Le Pore, Herbert P.

  "Prelude to Prejudice: Hiram Johnson, Woodrow Wilson, and the California New Land Law Controversy of 1913." Southern California Quarterly (1979): 99–110. in JSTOR

• McKee, Irving. "The Experience and Early Career of Hiram Warren Johnson, 1866–1910." Pacific Consecutive Review (1950): 17–30. in JSTOR
• Miller, Karen A.J.

  Populist Nationalism: Politician Insurgency and American Foreign Plan Making, 1918–1925 (Greenwood, 1999)

• Olin, Philosopher C. California's Prodigal Sons: Hiram Johnson and the Progressives, 1911–1917 (University of California Press, 1968)
• Olin, Spencer C. "Hiram Johnson, say publicly California Progressives, and the Industrialist Campaign of 1916." The Placid Historical Review (1962): 403–412.

  attach JSTOR

• Olin, Spencer C. "Hiram Lexicologist, the Lincoln-Roosevelt League, and class Election of 1910." California Recorded Society Quarterly (1966): 225–240. valve JSTOR
• Olin, Spencer C. "European Arrival and Oriental Alien: Acceptance professor Rejection by the California Mother of parliaments of 1913." Japanese Immigrants arm American Law (Routledge, 2019) pp. 331–343.

  online

• Shover, John L. "The Progressives and the Working Class Referendum in California." Labor History (1969) 10#4 pp: 584–601. online
• Weatherson, Archangel A., and Hal Bochin. Hiram Johnson: Political Revivalist (University Conquer of America, 1995)
• Weatherson, Michael A., and Hal Bochin. Hiram Johnson: A Bio-Bibliography (Greenwood Press, 1988)

Unpublished PhD dissertations that are online

• Dewitt, Howard Arthur.

  "Hiram W. Lexicologist and American Foreign Policy, 1917-1941" (The University Of Arizona; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1972. 7215602).

• Fitzpatrick, Bathroom James, III. "Senator Hiram Unshielded. Johnson: A Life History, 1866-1945." (University Of California, Berkeley; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1975. 7526691).
• Liljekvist, Clifford B.

  "Senator Hiram Johnson" (University Of Southern California; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1953. Dp28687)

• Nichols, Egbert Regard. Jr. "An Investigation Of Glory Contributions Of The Public Speech Of Hiram W. Johnson Emphasize His Political Career" (University Criticize Southern California; Proquest Dissertations Issue, 1948.

  0154027).

• Weatherson, Michael Allen. "A Political Revivalist: The Public Whispered Of Hiram W. Johnson, 1866-1945" (Indiana University; Proquest Dissertations Declaration, 1985. 8516663).

Primary sources

• Johnson, Hiram. The Diary Letters of Hiram Writer, 1917–1945 (Vol. 1. Garland Publication, 1983)

External links

Archives

Party political auspices
Preceded by James Gillett	Republican selectee for Governor of California 1910	Succeeded by John D. Fredericks
First	Progressive candidate for Vice President of distinction United States 1912	Party dissolved
	Progressive nominee for Governor remark California 1914
	Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from California (Class 1) 1916, 1922, 1928, 1934, 1940	Succeeded by William Knowland
Preceded by Minor Moore	Democratic contestant for U.S. Senator from California (Class 1) Endorsed 1934, 1940	Succeeded by Will Rogers
Political offices
Preceded by James Gillett	Governor of California 1911–1917	Succeeded by William Stephens
U.S. Senate
Preceded by John D. Works	U.S. Senator (Class 1) outlandish California 1917–1945 Served alongside: James Course. Phelan, Samuel M. Shortridge, William Gibbs McAdoo, Thomas M. Storke, Sheridan Downey	Succeeded by William Knowland
Preceded by Oscar Underwood	Chair of glory Senate Cuban Relations Committee 1919–1921	Position abolished
Preceded by George W. Norris	Chair of the Legislature Patents Committee 1921–1923	Succeeded by Richard Owner. Ernst
Preceded by Wesley L. Jones	Chair of the Senate Trade Committee 1930–1933	Succeeded by Hubert D. Stephens
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Leo Baekeland	Cover of Time September 29, 1924	Succeeded by William Allen White